An ancient land, with a very complex history. The current state was established in 1747, when the Durrani clan succeeded in creating a central focus of power in the mountainous highlands, following
a severe succession crisis in Iran, which had controlled the region from the beginning of the 16th century, more-or-less. The Barakzai clan gained control at the beginning of the 19th century, but
cohesion among the tribes was lost (complicated by outside interference from Russia and Great Britain), delaying the evolution of a modern state for another 80 years. The kingdom was overturned in 1973
in a bloodless coup, and the nation has been in turmoil ever since. The exiled sovereign, Muhammad Zahir, was able to return in 2002, and was granted the title of "Father of the Nation" - he reoccupied
the old royal palace, and played a significant role in influencing events over the next five years, but specifically disavowed any intention of restoring the monarchy. Afghanistan was one of relatively
few Islamic monarchies to have recognized a system of primogeniture, and thus allowing for an inherited claimancy.
-
Earlier Afghanistan
-
BARAKZAI
-
Muhammad Zahir
1933-1973 d. 2007
-
Ahmed Shah
2007-
A mountainous land in the western Balkans, astride the east shore of the entrance to the Adriatic Sea; Albania has long had a reputation for being ungovernable, and it's history in the 20th century
bears that out as numerous authorities abroad and local have tried with varying degrees of success to pacify the hill clans.
-
-
-
WIED-NEUWIED
-
William
Feb.-Sept. 1914 d. 1945
-
Charles Victor
1945-1973
-
-
-
-
-
ZOGU
-
Zog
1928-1939 d. 1961
-
Leka I
1961-2011
-
Leka II
2011-
ARMENIA (Armenia Minor, Cilicia, Lesser Armenia)
In 1080, an Armenian state was established in southern Anatolia, northwest of Antioch, and more-or-less opposite Cyprus. It endured until the late 14th century, when the region was conquered by Turks.
In it's latter years, the title had been inherited by the western dynasty which had taken Cyprus, that of de Lusignan. Although descendents of the original Armenian dynasts disputed the Cypriot
claim, the de Lusignans retained the title even after the absorption of the region by Muslims.
-
Earlier (Cilician) Armenia
-
de LUSIGNAN
-
Leo VI
1373-1375 d. 1393
-
James I
(King of Cyprus 1382-1398)
1393-1398
-
Janus
(King of Cyprus)
1398-1432
-
John
(King of Cyprus)
1432-1458
-
James II
(King of Cyprus 1468-1473)
1460-1473
-
James III
(King of Cyprus)
1473-1474
-
SAVOY
-
Louis
1474-1482
-
Charles I the Warrior
(Duke of Savoy)
1482-1490
-
Charles II
(Duke of Savoy)
1490-1496
-
Philip II the Landless
(Duke of Savoy)
1496-1497
-
Philibert II the Handsome
(Duke of Savoy)
1497-1504
-
Charles III the Good
(Duke of Savoy)
1504-1553
-
Emmanuel Philibert
(Duke of Savoy)
1553-1580
-
Charles Emmanuel I
(Duke of Savoy)
1580-1630
-
Victor Amadeus I
(Duke of Savoy)
1630-1637
-
Charles Emmanuel II
(Duke of Savoy)
1637-1675
-
Victor Amadeus II
(King of Sardinia 1721-30)
1675-1732
-
Charles Emmanuel III
(King of Sardinia)
1730-1773
-
Victor Amadeus III
(King of Sardinia)
1773-1796
-
Victor Emmanuel I
(King of Sardinia)
1796-1821
-
Charles Felix
(King of Sardinia)
1821-1831
-
Charles Albert
(King of Sardinia)
1831-1849
-
Victor Emmanuel II
(King of Italy 1861-78)
1849-1878
-
Humbert I
(King of Italy)
1878-1900
-
Victor Emmanuel III
(King of Italy 1900-46)
1900-1947
-
Humbert II
(King of Italy 1946)
1947-1983
-
Victor Emmanuel IV
1983-
Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary. Also Kings of Bohemia, Croatia, Galitzia, and rulers of much else - see just afterwords, the article on Dr. von Habsburg.
-
Earlier Austria
-
HABSBURG
-
Karl II
1916-1918 d. 1922
-
Otto
1922-2011
-
Karl III
2011-
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
OTTO von HABSBURG
(or, in full [take a deep breath...], Franz Josef Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetano Pius Ignazius von Habsburg-Lotharingen)
A medium sized Alpine state in southeastern Germany, established as a Kingdom in 1805. These individuals also appear as the heirs to the Jacobite claims in
Great
Britain and, strange as it may seem, a potential line of succession to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
-
Earlier Bavaria
-
WITTELSBACH
-
Ludwig III
1913-1918 d. 1921
-
Rupprecht
1921-1955
-
Albrecht
1955-1996
-
Franz
1996-
The Portuguese Royal family established a place of exile in Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, and only returned to Europe in the 1820's, leaving their former colony an independent Empire.
-
Earlier Brazil
-
BRAGANÇA
-
Pedro II
1831-1889 d. 1891
-
Isabel
1891-1921
-
CAPET-ORLÉANS-BRAGANÇA
-
-
Pedro III Henrique
1921-1981
-
Luiz Gastão
1981-
This state emerged as a dependent Principality within the Ottoman Empire in 1879. It achieved full independence in 1908. In one of history's more bizarre twists, Simeon was able to return to Bulgaria
after the fall of the Iron Curtain and succeeded in becoming (July 2001-Aug 2005) Prime Minister of the nation he was monarch of as a small child.
-
Earlier Bulgaria
-
WETTIN (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Sakskoburggotski)
-
Simeon II
1943-1946 d. ...
This region in west-central Europe has been akin in some ways to a spine around which much of the rest of western Europe has been organized. In it's origin, it emerged as a Dark-Ages Teutonic tribal
kingdom. Next established as two different Neo-Carolingian states, it eventually became an appanage Duchy within France. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it expanded far beyond France into the Low
Countries, based upon the most culturally splendid court on the continent. Shattered forever after the death of Charles the Rash in 1477, the succession and, occasionally, the title, continues to the
present day.
-
Earlier
-
CAPET-VALOIS
-
Marie the Rich
1477-1482
-
HABSBURG
-
Philip I
(King of Castile)
1482-1506
-
Charles V
(HRE, King of Spain)
1506-1556 d. 1558
-
Philip II
(King of Spain)
1556-1598
-
Philip III
(King of Spain)
1598-1621
-
Philip IV
(King of Spain)
1621-1665
-
Charles II
(King of Spain)
1665-1700
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
-
Louis I le Grand Dauphin
1700-1711
-
Louis II le Petit Dauphin
1711-1712
-
(Specifically titled as Duc de Bourgogne.)
-
Louis III
(XV, King of France 1715-74)
1715-1751 d. 1774
-
Louis IV Joseph
1751-1761
-
(A grandson of the King, titled as Duc de Bourgogne from birth)
-
Louis III
1761-1774
-
Louis V
(XVI, King of France 1774-92)
1774-1793
-
Louis VI l'Enfant du Temple
1793-1795
-
Louis VII
(XVIII, King of France 1814-24)
1795-1824
-
Charles III
(X, King of France 1824-30)
1824-1836
-
Louis VIII Antoine
(Duc de Angoulême)
1836-1844
-
Henri
(Comte de Chambord)
1844-1883
-
Capet-Bourbon-Spain-Molina
-
Jean III
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1861-1887)
1883-1887
-
Charles IV
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1887-1909)
1887-1909
-
Jacques I
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1909-1931)
1909-1931
-
Alphonse I
1931-1936
-
Capet-Bourbon-Spain-Cadiz
-
Alphonse II
(King of Spain 1886-1931)
1936-1941
-
Jacques II
1941-1975
-
Alphonse III
1975-1989
-
Louis VIII
1989-2010 d. ---
-
Louis IX
2010-
-
(Titled as Duc de Bourgogne from birth.)
This state in Southeast Asia covers a region which has hosted numerous local kingdoms representing a diverse ethnic mix.
-
Earlier Burma
-
KONBAUNG
-
Thibaw Min Thaya Gyi
1878-1885 d. 1916
-
-
-
Sado Min Ye Yanshein
d. 1886
-
Maung Shan Gyi
d. 1896 >
-
Saw Yan Baing
d. c. 1955 in China
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
The Greek Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire emerged with the final division of Imperial responsibilities in 395 CE. While the Western Empire survived but a mere 81 more years before being broken apart by newly emerging
Barbarian Kingdoms, the Eastern division endured for many centuries, by times huge and imposing, at other times small and powerless. Finally destroyed after the climactic Seige of Constantinople
in 1453, the last Imperial House left a number of lines of succession, lines which follow quite surprising turns. Here are possible successions, based solely on genealogical inheritence. It must be emphasized
that beyond the 16th century, none of the heirs mentioned herein would have been any more than dimly aware of the implications of their remote ancestry. Nevertheless…
-
Earlier Byzantine Empire
-
PALEOLOGUS
-
Constantine XI Dragases
1448-1453
-
Demetrius
1453-1470
-
Andrew I
1470-1502
-
Emanuel III
1502-1512
-
Andrew II
1512-c. 1519
-
RURIKOVICH
-
Basil III
(Prince of Muscovy)
c. 1519-1533
-
John IX the Awesome
(Tsar of all the Russias)
1533-1584
-
Theodore
(Tsar of all the Russias)
1584-1598
-
-
-
GONZAGA
-
Vincent I
(Duke of Mantua 1587-1612)
1598-1612
-
Francis I
(Duke of Mantua 1612)
1612
-
Ferdinand I
(Duke of Mantua 1612-1626)
1612-1626
-
Vincent II
(Duke of Mantua 1626-1627)
1626-1627
-
Margaret
1627-1632
-
-
-
VAUDEMONT
-
Claudia
1632-1648
-
Ferdinand Philip
1648-1659
-
Charles I
(Duke of Lorraine)
1659-1690
-
Leopold Joseph
(D. Lorr. 1697-1702, 1714-29)
1690-1729
-
Francis Stephen
(D. Lorr. 1729-37 HRE 1743-65)
1729-1765
-
-
-
Habsburg-Lorraine
-
Joseph
(HRE)
1765-1790
-
Leopold
(HRE)
1790-1792
-
Francis II
(HRE 1792-1806, E. Aust. 1804-35)
1792-1835
-
Ferdinand II
(Emp. Austria 1835-48)
1835-1875
-
Francis Joseph
(Emp. Austria 1848-1916)
1876-1916
-
Charles II
(Emp. Austria 1916-1918)
1916-1922
-
Otto
1922-2011
-
Charles III
2011-
-
-
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
The Latin Empire
In addition to the Greek Empire described above, there existed for a time a Latin Empire at Constantinople, created when crusaders conquered the city in 1204. It was vanquished by the resurgent Greek
state in 1261, but a continuing series of Western Europeans retained a putative claim on the Latin creation…
-
CAPET-Courtenay
-
Baldwin II
1228-1261 d. 1273
-
Philip I
1273-1283
-
Catherine I
1283-1308
-
Capet-Valois
-
Charles I
1301-1313 d. 1325
-
Catherine II
1313-1346 with...
-
Capet-Anjou
-
Philip II
1313-1332 and...
-
Robert II
(Pr. of Taranto)
-
Philip III
1363-1374
-
DesBAUX
-
Jacques
1374-1384
-
CAPET-Artois
-
John I
(Count of Eu)
1384-1387
-
Robert III
(Count of Eu)
Apr. - July 1387
-
Philip IV
(Count of Eu)
1387-1397
-
Charles II
(Count of Eu)
1397-1472
-
John II
(Count of Etampes)
1472-1491
-
DEUTZ
-
John II
(Duke of Cleves-Marck 1481-1521)
1491-1521
-
John III
(Duke of Cleves-Marck-Berg)
1521-1539
-
William I
(Duke of Cleves-Marck-Berg)
1539-1592
-
John William
(Duke of Cleves-Marck-Berg)
1592-1609
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
George William
(Mgv. of Brandenburg 1619-40)
1609-1640
-
Frederick William I
(Mgv. of Brandenburg)
1640-1688
-
Frederick I
(King of Prussia 1701-13)
1688-1713
-
Frederick William II
(King of Prussia)
1713-1740
-
Frederick II the Great
(King of Prussia)
1740-1786
-
Frederick William III
(King of Prussia)
1786-1797
-
Frederick William IV
(King of Prussia)
1797-1840
-
Frederick William V
(King of Prussia)
1840-1861
-
William II
(K. of Prussia; Emp. Ger. 1871-88)
1861-1888
-
Frederick III
(Emperor of Germany 1888)
1888
-
William III
(Emperor of Germany 1888-1918)
1888-1941
-
Frederick William VI
1941-1951
-
Louis Ferdinand
1951-1994
-
George Frederick
1994-
-
-
Europe lives within the shadow - however faint at this distant time - of Charlemagne. He built from a barbarian nation a vast Empire encompassing much of western Europe. Though his Empire did not
survive a third generation, it's memory gave to Europeans a sense of identity they had not had before, and within it's fragments were the cores of three of the continents most significant states: from
the West Franks came France, from the East Franks came Germany, and from the Middle Franks evolved both Lotharingia (Lorraine) in the north and Frankish Lombardy (Italy) to the south. Much of the remainder
of European historical and political development can be seen as the tale of the attempts by these three to define once and for all the relationship between each of them. What of the family of
Charlemagne? The Carolingians wasted themselves in internecine conflict during the 9th century, until they had faded into comparative obscurity. Yet, they left heirs and, although they never had a tradition
of rigidly Salic seniority, it is nevertheless a question of interest to follow the elder stemma of this clan to discover who can theoretically claim to be the elder heir to the Carolingian inheritence.
The following list follows the senior lines from Charlemagne, and is based on moderately Salic progression, wherein male members are always preferred, but succession via female lines is accepted
if no other recourse is possible.
-
-
-
CAROLINGIAN
-
Charles the Great
(HRE)
771-814
-
Bernard
(King of Italy)
814-818
-
Pepin
818-840
-
Bernard
840-893
-
Bernard
(Count of Beauvais)
893-949
-
Theodoric
(Count of Beauvais)
949- ?
-
Heribert
(Count of Meaux)
? -993
-
Heribert
(Count of Meaux)
993-995
-
Stephen
(Count of Troyes)
995-1021
-
AUTUN
-
Hugh
(Co. Autun and Chalons, Bishop of Auxerre)
1021-1039
-
de DONZY
-
Herve I
(Baron Donzy)
1039-1055 >
-
Geoffroi II
(Baron Donzy)
1055 > -1111 >
-
Herve II
(Baron Donzy)
1111 > -1120
-
Geoffroi III
(Baron Donzy)
1120-1157 >
-
Herve III
(Baron Donzy)
1157 > -1187 >
-
William
(Baron Donzy)
1187 > -1191
-
Philip
(Baron Donzy)
1191-1194
-
Renaud
(Baron Donzy)
1194-1204
-
Herve IV
(Baron Donzy)
1204-1223
-
THIERS
-
Beatrice
(fem.)(Countess of Chalons)
1223-1227
-
d'AUXONNE
-
John
(Count of Chalons)
1227-1267
-
Otto
(Count of Burgundy)
1267-1303
-
Robert
(Count of Burgundy)
1303-1315
-
Jeanne I
(fem.)(Countess of Burgundy)
1315-1330
-
CAPET
-
Jeanne II
(fem.)(Countess of Burgundy)
1330-1347
-
Capet-Burgundy
(1st Creation)
-
Philip
(Duke of Burgundy)
1347-1361
-
Margaret
1361-1382
-
FLANDERS
-
Louis
(Count of Flanders)
1382-1384
-
Margaret II
(ss. Brab. and Limb., Css. Fland.)
1384-1405
-
CAPET-BURGUNDY
(2nd creation)
-
John
(Duke of Burgundy)
1405-1419
-
Philip
(Duke of Burgundy)
1419-1467
-
Charles
(Duke of Burgundy)
1467-1477
-
Marie
(fem.)(Duchess of Burgundy)
1477-1482
-
HABSBURG
-
Philip
(King of Castile 1504-1506)
1482-1506
-
Charles V
(HRE, King of Spain)
1506-1558
-
Philip II
(King of Spain)
1558-1598
-
Philip III
(King of Spain)
1598-1621
-
Philip IV
(King of Spain)
1621-1665
-
Charles II
(King of Spain)
1665-1700
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Louis
1700-1711
-
Louis
1711-1712
-
Louis XV
(King of France 1715-1774)
1712-1774
-
Louis XVI
(King of France 1774-1792)
1774-1793
-
Louis XVII
1793-1795
-
Louis XVIII
(King of France 1814-1824)
1795-1824
-
Charles X
(King of France 1824-1830)
1824-1836
-
Louis Anthony
1836-1844
-
Henry
1844-1883
-
Capet-Bourbon-Spain-Molina
-
-
-
John
(Count of Montizon)
1883-1887
-
James
(Duke of Madrid)
1887-1931
-
Alphonse
(Duke of San Jaime)
1931-1936
-
Capet-Bourbon-Spain (-Segovia, post 1941)
-
Alphonse XIII
(King of Spain 1886-1931)
1936-1941
-
James
(Duke of Segovia, and of Anjou)
1941-1975
-
Alphonse
(Duke of Anjou)
1975-1989
-
Louis
(Duke of Anjou)
1989-
CAROLINGIAN LEGACY (THE)
Lotharingian Inheritence (The)
The above list records the descent from the eldest stemma of Charlemagne's heirs. But politically, that line was marginalized entirely, and the Imperial succession went to a younger son, Louis the
Pious. He had four legitimate sons, three of whom contended for mastery over the Empire after 840. In June of 843, the Empire was sundered into parts - a Kingdom of the East Franks (which evolved into
Germany), a Kingdom of the West Franks (which evolved into France), and a Kingdom of the Middle, or Central Franks; Lotharingia. This latter state originally comprised a wandering strip of territory
involving the Low Countries, Alsace and Lorraine, Switzerland, and northern Italy. Hopelessly indefensible, it was quickly carved up and absorbed by it's neighbours, mainly Germany. It remains of interest,
however, because it was the region assigned to Louis' eldest son, and the one who became Roman Emperor after him - Lothar. Although his inheritence vanished entirely after two generations, his
line did not, and the core of the region still recalls his name - "Lorraine" is simply the French for "Lotharingia". What happened to his descendents? They stayed until recent times within the core of
Central Francia, and their line is not without interest (indeed, it probably has a better claim to a Carolingian legacy than the above list). What is assumed in the following list is a basic Salic succession
where possible, although it will be seen that regular forays through female lines is required. Enumeration is internally consistent, as if they had actually succeeded one another, but does not
reflect actual numerals used as such.
-
-
-
CAROLINGIAN
-
Lothar I
(HRE)
840-855
-
Lothar II
(King of Lotharingia)
855-869
-
Hugo
(Duke of Alsace)
869-895
-
Gisela
(fem.)
895-908
-
DENMARK
-
Reginhilde
(fem.)
908-931 >
-
HAMALAND
-
Mathilde
(fem.)
931 >-968
-
SAXON
-
Otto I
(HRE)
968-973
-
Otto II
(HRE)
973-983
-
Otto III
(HRE)
983-1002
-
Sophia
(fem.)
1002-1039
-
Adelheid I
(fem.)
1039-1045
-
LOTHRINGEN (Keldachgau, Saffenberg)
-
Hermann I
(Archbishop of Köln)
1045-1056
-
Konrad
(Duke of Bavaria)
1056-1061
-
Adolf I of Berg
1061-1063 >
-
Hermann II of Saffenberg
(C. of Nörvenich)
1063 >-1100
-
Adalbert I
(Count of Nörvenich)
1100-1110
-
Adolf II
(Count in Kölngau & Ruhrgau)
1110-1152
-
Adolf III
(Count in Roergau)
1152-1158
-
Hermann III
(Count of Müllenark)
1158-1172
-
Adolf IV
1172-1186
-
Herman IV
1186-1211
-
Adalbert II
1211-1248
-
Adelheid II
(fem.)
1248-1267
-
LIMBURG (Luxembourg)
-
Heinrich I
(Count of Luxembourg)
1267-1281
-
Heinrich II
(Count of Luxembourg)
1281-1288
-
Heinrich III
(HRE)
1288-1313
-
Jan
(King of Bohemia)
1313-1346
-
Karl
(HRE, King of Bohemia)
1346-1378
-
Wenzel
(HRE, King of Bohemia)
1378-1419
-
Sigismund
(HRE, King of Bohemia & Hungary)
1419-1437
-
Elisabeth
(fem.)
1437-1442
-
HABSBURG
-
Ladislas
(King of Bohemia and Hungary)
1442-1457
-
Anna
(fem.)
1457-1462
-
WETTIN (Saxe-Thuringia)
-
Margarethe
(fem.)
1462-1501
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
Joachim I
(Margrave of Brandenburg)
1501-1535
-
Joachim II
(Margrave of Brandenburg)
1535-1571
-
Johann Georg
(Margrave of Brandenburg)
1571-1598
-
Joachim Friedrich
(Margrave of Brandenburg)
1598-1608
-
Johann Sigismund
(Duke in Prussia)
1608-1620
-
Georg Wilhelm
(Duke in Prussia)
1620-1640
-
Friedrich Wilhelm I
(Duke in Prussia)
1640-1688
-
Friedrich I
(King in Prussia)
1688-1713
-
Friedrich Wilhelm II
(King in Prussia)
1713-1740
-
Friedrich II the Great
(King in Prussia)
1740-1786
-
Friedrich Wilhelm III
(King in Prussia)
1786-1797
-
Friedrich Wilhelm IV
(King in Prussia)
1797-1840
-
Friedrich Wilhelm V
(King in Prussia)
1840-1861
-
Wilhelm I
(German Emperor)
1861-1888
-
Friedrich III
(German Emperor)
1888
-
Wilhelm II
(German Emperor)
1888-1941
-
Friedrich Wilhelm VI
1941-1951
-
Ludwig Ferdinand
1951-1994
-
Georg Friedrich
1994-
The central portion of the Iberian peninsula, Castile was an independent Spanish kingdom from 1035 until the unification of it with Aragon, to form Spain itself, effectively from 1479,officially
from 1556. See also,
Spain.
-
-
-
Earlier Castile
-
BURGUNDY
-
Alfonso X the Wise
1252-1284
-
Alfonso XI
1284-1334
-
Luis I
1334-1350
-
Isabella
(fem.)
1350-1386
-
BEARN y De La CERDA
-
Gaston I
(Conde de Medinaceli)
1386-1404
-
Luis II
(Conde de Medinaceli)
1404-1447
-
Gaston II
(Conde de Medinaceli)
1447-1454
-
Luis III
(1st Duque de Medinaceli 1479-1501)
1454-1501
-
Juan I
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1501-1544
-
Gaston III
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1544-1551
-
Juan II
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1551-1575
-
Juan III
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1575-1594
-
Juan IV
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1594-1607
-
Antonio
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1607-1671
-
Juan V
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1671-1691
-
Luis IV
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1691-1711
-
FERNANDEZ de CORDOBA
-
Nicolás
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1711-1739
-
Luis V
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1739-1768
-
Pedro
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1768-1789
-
Luis VI
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1789-1806
-
Luis VII
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1806-1840
-
Luis VIII
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1840-1873
-
Luis IX
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1873-1879
-
Vacant until the posthumous birth of the Heir
14 May 1879-16 Jan. 1880
-
Luis X
(Duque de Medinaceli)
1880-1956
-
Victoria
(fem.)(Duquessa de Medinaceli)
1956-
The Dragon Throne of the Middle Kingdom (Zhongguo) is one of the oldest monarchies in existence, in its origins reaching back more than 4100 years. Although there has not been a continuous succession,
inasmuch as China has shattered into petty states with no central authority several times, the sense of continuity and the retention of ancient tradition has always been present, often characterized
by a particular dynasty or regime being said to hold "the mandate of Heaven".
-
Earlier China
-
QING (Manchu)
-
Puyi
(Aisin Gioro Puyi)
1908-1912 d. 1967
-
Yuyan
(Aisin Gioro Yuyan)
1967-1997
-
Hengchen
1997-
-
-
-
MING
-
Hongguang
(Zhu Yousong Fuwan)
1627-1644
-
Longwu
(Zhu Yujian Tanwan)
1644-1645
-
Yonghe
(Zhu Changfang Lu-wan)
1646-1647
-
Shuntian
(Zhu Yihai Lu-wan II)
1647-1653
-
Shaowu
(Zhu Yuyue Zhen Sun)
1653-1661 and…
-
Shitsun
(Zhu Wan Gaotsun)
1659-1661
-
Yongli
(Zhu Youlang Guiwan)
1661-1662
A Duchy on the Baltic coast of Latvia, comprising the headlands east of the Gulf of Riga together with the south bank of the Daugava (Russ. Dvina) River. It was of old the territory of the Kuri tribe
of ancient Latvians, conquered in the 13th century by the Livonian Order of Crusader Knights. The Duchy itself was formed in the 16th century when the Order became Protestant and secularized it's
holdings into a Ducal fief of Poland. For a time the Dukes held a brilliant court connected with other European dynasts, but eventually the region was absorbed into Russia. The following "Pretenders"
are the continued line of the dynasty, although they do not advocate a return - in 1918 the nobility of Courland discussed to give the proposed Duchy to the Birons but they explicitly refused any interest
and nobles considered them being too Russophile.
-
Earlier Courland
-
BIRON
-
Peter I
1769-1795 d. 1800
-
Carl II
1800-1801
-
Gustav I
1801-1821
-
Carl III
1821-1848
-
Peter II
1848-1882
-
Gustav II
1882-1941
-
Carl IV
1941-1982
-
Ernst-Johann II
1982-
the oldest nation on earth in terms of a continuous memory of sovereign identity on the part of it's inhabitants, the modern Egyptian Kingdom emerged at the beginning of the 19th century as
an autonomous viceroyalty within the Ottoman Empire. A British protectorate from the 1880's, it became fully independent in 1922. Despite the fact that Fuad is one of the longest-reigning Heads of Royal
Houses living today, he is still comparatively hale, owing to the fact that he succeeded upon the abdication of his father to his throne at the age of 6 months, being deposed himself at the age of
17 months. Egypt is one of the few Islamic monarchies to maintain a European style of inheritance and succession.
-
Much earlier Egypt…
-
ALIID
-
Farouk
1936-1952 d. 1965
-
Fuad II
(King 1952-1953)
1965
ENGLAND
Yorkist succession
The following list details the Yorkist succession in the era known today as the "War of the Roses". The Lancastrians usurped the throne in deposing Richard II; his legitimate successor would have
been the great-grandson of his uncle Lionel, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March. Edmund (who spent most of his luckless life fleeing the Lancastrians) left a sister who married back into the Plantagenets
before dying in 1412.
-
England England
-
PLANTAGENET
-
Richard II
1377-1399 d. 1400
-
MORTIMER
-
Edmund
(5th Earl of March)
1400-1425
-
PLANTAGENET-YORK
-
Richard III
1425-1460
-
Edward IV
1461-1483
ENGLAND
A Lancastrian view
The first English list above details seniority within the House of Plantagenet and, guided by English succession laws current at the time, ignores the Lancasterian Branch who actually held the throne
1399-1461, 1470-1471 for the usurpers that they, in fact, were. But, what if they had held on to power in spite of the Yorkists. The study of thrones of pretence can regard this as a perfectly reasonable
question, so let us see where it leads...
-
PLANTAGENET-LANCASTER
-
Henry VI
1422-1471
-
-
AVIZ
-
Alphonse I
(King of Portugal 1438-1481)
1471-1481
-
John II
(King of Portugal)
1481-1495
-
Emmanuel
(King of Portugal)
1495-1521
-
John III
(King of Portugal)
1521-1557
-
Sebastian
(King of Portugal)
1557-1578
-
Henry VII
(King of Portugal)
1578-1580
-
-
FARNESE
-
Rainutius I
(Duke of Parma 1592-1622)
1580-1622
-
Alexander
1622-1630
-
Edward IV
(Duke of Parma 1622-1646)
1630-1646
-
Rainutius II
(Duke of Parma)
1646-1694
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1694-1766
-
(the putative King of France)
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Charles I
(King of Spain 1759-1788)
1766-1788
-
Charles II
(King of Spain 1788-1808)
1788-1819
-
Ferdinand
(King of Spain 1813-1833)
1819-1833
-
Isabel
(Queen of Spain 1833-1868)
1833-1904
-
Alphonse II
(King of Spain 1886-1931)
1904-1941
-
James
(Legitimist Titular King of France)
1941-1975
-
Alphonse III
(Legitimist Titular K of France)
1975-1989
-
Lewis
(Legitimist Titular King of France)
1989-
ENGLAND
A Yorkist rejoinder
Much of the muddle in the English succession in the 1480's stems from the problematic nature of Edward IV's abrupt marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. His brother, Richard III, based his claim to the
throne on the idea that the marriage was bigamous and thus his nephew "King" Edward V was illegitimate. The Tudors who wrested the Kingdom from Richard needed to see the marriage as legal, since their
claims were noticeably bolstered by the wedding of Henry VII to Princess Elizabeth, Edward's older daughter by the Woodville alliance (and how terribly convenient for Henry that Richard had disposed
of his two nephews... um, he DID dispose of them, didn't he...?). For Yorkists unreconciled to Tudor rule, regarding the Woodville connection as invalid was a way of denying the Tudors a line through
Elizabeth, and creating a line of succession of their own not dependent upon Edward IV's romantic adventurism. These Yorkists could look to Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of Edward IV's brother George,
Duke of Clarence, as a Yorkist claimant. If one follows his line, the Yorkist succession runs:
-
PLANTAGENET
-
Edward VI
(Earl of Warwick)
1485-1499
-
Margaret
(Countess of Salisbury)
1499-1541
-
POLE
-
Henry VII
(Baron Montacute)
1541-1566
-
Katherine
(fem.)
1566-1576
-
HASTINGS
-
Henry VIII
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1576-1595
-
George I
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1595-1604
-
Henry IX
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1604-1643
-
Ferdinando
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1643-1656
-
Theophilus I
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1656-1701
-
George II
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1701-1705
-
Theophilus II
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1705-1746
-
Francis I
(Earl of Huntingdon)
1746-1789
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1789-1808
-
RAWDON
-
Francis II
(Marquess Hastings)
1808-1826
-
George III
(Marquess Hastings)
1826-1844
-
Paulyn
(Marquess Hastings)
1844-1851
-
Henry X
(Marquess Hastings)
1851-1868
-
Edith I
(Countess of Loudon)
1868-1874
-
ABNEY
-
Charles
(Earl of Loudon)
1874-1920
-
Edith II
(Countess of Loudon)
1920-1960
-
HUDDLESTON
-
Barbara
(Countess of Loudon)
1960-2002
-
ABNEY-HASTINGS (Lord)
-
Michael
(Earl of Loudon)
2002-2012
-
Simon
(Earl of Loudon)
2012-
Study of thrones of pretence normally involve tracing genealogical lines of descent. Even so, acts of law have much to say on the matter as well, as the following list will show. In Henry VIII's
Will, which was sanctioned by parliament, Henry directed that if his descendants were to die out, the crown was to pass to the heirs of his younger sister Mary, ignoring the Scottish royal family who
descended from Henry's elder sister Margaret. By 1603, all Henry's children were dead, without having managed to produce a single heir between them, and so, in Law (if not in strict passage of genealogic
inheritence), the English Crown should have passed to Mary's senior legitimate heir, Lady Anne Stanley, who had married the Baron Chandos of Sudeley. In the event, Elizabeth I suppressed her father's
Will and, after a lifetime of alternately dithering or remaining completely silent on the subject of the Succession, gave on her deathbed a shrug which was interpreted by increasingly desperate courtiers
in attendence as an assent when asked if King James VI of Scotland, Margaret's heir, ought to succeed her. But if Henry's Will had prevailed...
-
England England
-
TUDOR
-
Elizabeth I
(fem.)
1558-1603
-
STANLEY
-
Anne
(Bss. Chandos of Sudeley, then Css. of Castlehaven)
1603-1647
-
BRYDGES
-
George I
(Baron Chandos of Sudeley)
1647-1655
-
Margaret
1655-1732
-
SKIPWITH
-
George II
(Baronet of Metheringham)
1732-1756
-
DOUGHTY
-
Henry IX
1756- ?
-
Henry X
? -1796
-
Elizabeth II
(fem.)
1796-1826
-
-
CHILD-VILLIERS
-
George III
(Earl of Jersey 1805-1859)
1826-1859
-
George IV
(Earl of Jersey)
Oct. 3-24 1859
-
Victor
(Earl of Jersey)
1859-1915
-
George V
(Earl of Jersey)
1915-1923
-
George VI
(Earl of Jersey)
1923-1998
-
William III
(Earl of Jersey)
1998-
-
-
George VI
(Earl of Jersey)
1923-1998
-
Caroline
(fem.)
1998-
ENGLAND
The Richard III Society enters the fray...
The article just above demonstrates that questions of Pretence reflect not only on lines of genealogical descent, but can also depend on legal interpretation. Here is another potential line, which
commences on the assumption that Richard III's claim to the throne was a valid one (i.e. that the children of his brother Edward IV were the products of a bigamous marriage and thus illegitimate). A
corollary assumption then is that Richard's brother George, Duke of Clarence, and his offspring, are ineligible owing to George's attainder for treason. The question then becomes, are there any descendents
of the York Plantagenets left? It turns out there are - Richard and Edward had several sisters; the second one, Anne (d. 1476) married into the St. Leger family and had a daughter...
-
PLANTAGENET-York
-
Richard III
1483-1485
-
St. LEGER
-
Anne
(fem.)
1485-1526
-
MANNERS
-
Thomas
(Baron de Ros; 1st Earl of Rutland 1525-43)
1526-1543
-
Henry VII
(Earl of Rutland)
1543-1563
-
Edward V
(Earl of Rutland)
1563-1587
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)(Baroness de Ros)
1587-1591
-
CECIL
-
William III
(Baron de Ros)
1591-1618
-
MANNERS
-
Francis
(6th Earl of Rutland 1612-32)
1618-1632
-
Catherine
(Baroness de Ros)
1632-1649
-
VILLIERS
-
George
(2nd Duke of Buckingham)
1649-1687
-
COURTENAY
(From 1556 to 1831 the Earldom of Devon was thought to be extinct.)
-
William IV
(5th de jure Earl of Devon)
1687-1703
-
-
William V
(6th de jure Earl of Devon)
1703-1735
-
William VI
(7th de jure Earl of Devon)
1735-1762
-
-
William VII
(8th de jure Earl of Devon)
1762-1788
-
William VIII
(9th Earl of Devon)
1788-1835
-
-
-
HONYWOOD
-
John II Edward
(6th Bart. Honywood 1832-45)
1835-1845
-
Courtenay I
(7th Baronet Honywood)
1845-1878
-
John III William
(8th Baronet Honywood)
1878-1907
-
Courtenay II John
(9th Baronet Honywood)
1907-1944
-
William IX Wynne
(10th Baronet Honywood)
1944-1982
-
Filmer Courtenay William
(11th Bart.)
1982-
-
-
-
PLANTAGENET-York
-
Richard III
1483-1485
-
de la POLE
-
John II
(Earl of Lincoln)
1485-1487
-
Edmund
(Duke of Suffolk)
1487-1513
-
William III
1513-1539
-
-
-
Richard IV
(Duke of Suffolk)
1513-1525
-
ENGLAND
An Anglo-Saxon final word
I've been asked a number of times some variant on the question: "Who would be the real heir to the Anglo-Saxons?" I've researched this carefully, and the probable answer is fairly startling. To begin
with, no definitive answer is likely to be known - in the more than one thousand years from the time of Anglo-Saxon England to the present day, the various families descended from the Wessex monarchy
spawned dozens of lines, many of which mouldered away in obscure settings and may very well have produced heirs and descendents that have gone unnoticed and unrecorded by heralds and genealogists.
What follows, then, are the lines I have been able to trace given the records that are available; a due caveat is therefore to be understood. The assumptions this list operates under are also artificial
to one degree otr another - one is that I base the list on Egbert of Wessex, the man who revived Wessex in the beginning of the 9th century and laid the very real basis for the Kingdom of England
- that proves to be a realistic assumption, however, as you shall see. A far less tenable one is that I base the inheritance of rights on modern English rules of inheritence, which is not particularly
Salic at all. But rules of who inherits what change over the centuries, and to apply such rules across the board is probably unwarranted. Still, the journey is an interesting one and, if one can cavil
at some of the assumptions made, I will still maintain that what follows is one of the best, if not the best of all, putative claimancies on the legacy of Anglo-Saxon England...
-
Egbert
(K. of Wessex 802-839)
d. 839
-
Æthelwulf
(K. of Wessex 839-855)
839-858
-
Æthelbald
(K. of Wessex 855-860)
858-860
-
Æthelred
(K. of Wessex 860-871)
860-871
-
-
Æthelwold
(Ealdorman of the West)
871-902
-
Æthelfrith
(Ealdorman of the West)
902-c. 947
-
Æthelward the Chronicler
(Eald. of the West)
? -998
-
Æthelmar Cild
(Ealdorman of the West)
998-1016
-
Godwin
(Earl of Wessex)
1016-1053
-
Harold
(K. of England 1066)
1053-1066
-
-
Godwin
1066-1067/72
-
Ulf
1067/72-1087 >
-
-
Gytha
(fem.)
1087 >-1107
-
-
RURIKOVICH
-
Mstislav II the Great
(G. Pr. Kiev 1125-32)
1107-1132
-
Vsevolod
(Grand Prince Novgorod 1117-36)
1132-1138
-
Izyaslav
(Grand Prince of Kiev 1146-1154)
1138-1154
-
Mstislav III
(Gr. Pr. Kiev 1157-8, 1167-9)
1154-1172
-
Roman
(Gr. Pr. Galitzia 1188, 1199-1205)
1172-1205
-
Daniel
(Gr. Prince & King of Galitzia)
1205-1264
-
-
Lev
(King of West Galitzia 1264-1300)
1264-1301
-
George
(King of West Galitzia 1300-1308)
1301-1316
-
Alexander
(Grand Prince of Suzdal 1309-32)
1316-1331
-
Constantine
(Suz. 1331-41, Nizh. Novg. 42-55)
1331-1355
-
Demetrius
(Gr. Pr. Suzdal 1355-1383)
1355-1383
-
Basil III
(Gr. Prince Suzdal various times)
1383-1403
-
George IV
(Gr. Pr. Suzdal 1418- ?)
1403- ?
-
-
Basil IV
(Gr. Pr. Suzdal to 1446)
? -1458
-
Michael
1458- ?
-
Andrew
? -1543
-
John
1543-1573
-
Basil
(Tsar of All Russia 1606-1610)
1573-1612
-
-
John
1612-1638
-
-
-
WELF (Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel)
-
Rudolph Augustus
(D. Brun.-Wolfen. 1666-1704)
1638-1704
-
Dorothea
(fem.)
1704-1722
-
OLDENBURG (Schleswig-Holstein-Plön)
-
Dorothea Sophia
(fem.)
1722-1765
-
-
HABSBURG
-
Maria Theresa
(fem.)(Q. of Hungary + Bohemia)
1765-1780
-
VAUDEMONT (Lorraine-Habsburg)
-
Joseph II
(HRE)
1780-1790
-
Leopold II
(HRE)
1790-1792
-
Francis
(HRE + Emp. of Austria)
1792-1835
-
Ferdinand
(Emp. of Austria 1835-1848)
1835-1875
-
Francis Joseph
(Emp. of Austria 1848-1916)
1875-1916
-
Charles
(Emp. of Austria 1916-1918)
1916-1922
-
Otto
1922-2011
-
-
-
-
-
Charles
2011-
-
-
-
Æthelræd Ill-Counsel
978-1016
-
-
Edmund II Ironside
1016
-
-
Edmund III
1016-c. 1046
-
Edward III the Ætheling
c. 1046-1057
-
Edgar the Ætheling
1057-c. 1125
-
-
MacCRINAN
-
St. David
(King of Scots 1124-1153)
c. 1125-1153
-
Malcolm the Maiden
(King of Scots)
1153-1165
-
William the Lion
(King of Scots)
1165-1214
-
Alexander I
(King of Scots)
1214-1249
-
Alexander II
(King of Scots)
1249-1286
-
SKIOLDING
-
Margaret
(Queen of Scots)
1286-1290
-
BALIOL
-
John
(King of Scots 1292-1296)
1290-1313
-
Edward IV
(King of Scots 1332, 1333-1342)
1313-1363
-
An ancient monarchy in the mountains of east Africa, with a very complex history. The monarchy was overthrown in 1974 but the exiled family is still in large numbers.
-
Earlier Ethiopia
-
Haile Selassie
1930-1974 d. 1980
-
Amha Selassie
1974-1997
-
Zara Yacob
1997-
FRANCE
Imperial pretension; Elders of the House of Bonaparte (Princes Canino)
These represent the senior branch of the House of Bonaparte; it was inherited by a cadet branch of the Greek Royal family in the 1960's before being passed on to a well-known Polish noble family,
and now being represented by an Italian branch of the family which once ran the post office of the Holy Roman Empire.
-
Earlier France
-
BONAPARTE
-
Napoleon I
1804-1814, 1815 d. 1821
-
Napoleon II
1821-1832
-
Lucien I
1832-1840
-
Charles
1840-1857
-
Joseph
1857-1865
-
Lucien II
1865-1895
-
Napoleon III
1895-1899
-
Marie I
(fem.)
-
Eugenie I
(fem.)
-
Marie II
(fem.)
-
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-GLUCKSBURG
-
Petros
1962-1980
-
Eugenia II
(fem.)
-
RADZIWILL
-
Jerzy Andrzej
1989-2001
-
della TORRE e TASSI (THURN und TAXIS)
-
Carlo Alessandro
2001-
FRANCE
Imperial pretension; Princes Napoleon
These represent the Imperial Bonapartes, even though this branch of the family derives after 1879 from Jerome, the youngest brother of Napoleon I.
-
Earlier France
-
BONAPARTE
-
Napoléon I
1804-1814, 1815 d. 1821
-
Napoléon II
1821-1832
-
Napoléon III
1852-1870 d. 1873
-
Napoleon IV Eugene Louis
1873-1879
-
Napoléon V Joseph
1879-1891
-
Napoléon VI Victor
1891-1926
-
Napoléon VII Louis
1926-1997
-
Napoléon VIII Charles
1997-
FRANCE
Royal pretension: The Legitimists
The French royalist claims are exceedingly complex, but in essence boil down to two main lines of thought. The first is called the Legitimist position. This position regards the crown as completely
inalienable, and inheritable therefore only by successive eldest stems of the House of Capet, regardless of who they might be otherwise (as long as they are of legitimate birth and Roman Catholic).
Thus, when the senior branch of the French royal Bourbons became extinct in 1883, the next eldest stem , the Spanish Bourbons, inherit the title. As an aside, Louis XIX may perhaps hold a record as having
one of the worlds shortest reigns - he was King of France in a very technical sense in the approximately 10 to 15 minute interval between his fathers signature on the Instrumeent of Abdication (1830)
and his own signature on the same document.
-
Earlier France
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Louis XVIII
-
Charles X
1824-1830 d. 1836
-
Louis XIX
1836-1844
-
Henri V
(Comte de Chambord)
-
CAPET-BOURBON-SPAIN-MOLINA
-
Jean III
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1861-1887)
-
Charles XI
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1887-1909)
-
Jacques I
(Carlist pret. in Spain 1909-1931)
-
Alphonse I
1931-1936
-
CAPET-BOURBON-SPAIN-CADIZ
-
Alphonse II
(King of Spain 1886-1931)
1936-1941
-
Jacques II
1941-1975
-
Alphonse III
1975-1989
-
Louis XX
1989-
-
-
FRANCE
Royal pretension: The Orléanists
The line of thought in opposition to the Legitimists (see just above) involves the fact that Charles X and his heir Louis (XIX) both abdicated in 1830, and that the throne was then transferred to
Louis Philippe, Duc d'Orléans. This line regards the crown as capable of being abdicated, and also regards it as vital that a successful candidate be not only of legitimate birth, and Roman Catholic
in religion, but also French in nationality.
-
CAPET-BOURBON-ORLÉANS
-
Louis Philippe
1830-1848 d. 1850
-
Philippe VII
1850-1894
-
Philippe VIII
1894-1926
-
CAPET-BOURBON-GUISE
-
Jean III
1926-1940
-
Henri VI
1940-1999
-
Henri VII
1999-
FRANCE
The Naundorff claim
History is replete with tales of crowned kings dying or disappearing under muddled circumstances and, nearly always, when a royal personage meets with a bad end someone pops up shortly thereafter
to claim they are that unfortunate monarch, saved by chance or by plot from a grim fate, and would you please give me my throne back now? - see Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck in English history, or
the various False Dmitrys in Russian history, as typical examples. France is no exception to this process; as a result of the French Revolution and the execution of Louis XVI, his heir, also named Louis,
languished in prison until his own demise from starvation and neglect, in 1795. Perhaps. In the late 1820's, a man whose legal name was Karl Wilhelm Naundorff, a clockmaker from Berlin, wrote a
memoir claiming he was the lost Dauphin, secreted away from prison by royalist sympathisers, who thereupon substituted a deaf-mute orphan in his place. He went on to claim that he had been recaptured
by Napoleonic agents, and imprisoned once more until again escaping, in 1810 - which year, in fact, he first appears in public records, receiving Prussian citizenship while living in Spandau. He couldn't
prove any of this story, but he was sufficiently plausible in his knowledge of details regarding court personalities and activities to have convinced several members of the ancien regime of his legitimacy. Surviving members of the royal family would have none of it, however, and his claim did not prosper. He didn't relinquish it, though, even after being
exiled to Great Britain, and when he died in the Netherlands (in somewhat doubtful circumstances) in 1845, his family maintained the claim, and they still do to this day. So, for completeness sake,
here is the Naundorff succession…
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Louis XVI
1774-1793
-
Louis XVII
(Karl Wilhelm Naundorff)
1793-1845
-
Charles X
1845-1866
-
Charles XI
1866-1899
-
Jean III
1899-1914
-
Henri V
1914-1960
-
Charles XII
1960-
After the death of David XII, last king of East Georgia (Kartli & Kakheti), by edict of emperor Alexander I of Russia, seniority among Georgian princes was given to the family of Bagration-Mukhranskiy,
the branch of the Bagratid dynasty descended from princes of Mukhrani. As an interesting aside, Giorgi XIII's daughter Leonida married Vladimir Kirillovich Romanov (d.1992), head of Russian
Imperial House. Their daughter Maria is present head of Russian Imperial House, which see, below…
-
BAGRATION-KAKHETI
-
Davit XII
1800-1801 d. 1819
-
BAGRATION-MUKHRANELI
-
Demetre III
1819-1826
-
Konstantin III
1826-1842
-
Ioane II
1842-1895
-
Konstantin IV
1895-1903
-
Aleksandre II
1903-1918
-
Giorgi XIII
1918-1957
-
Erekle III
1957-1977
-
Giorgi XIV
1977-2008
-
Erekle IV
2008-
The Kings of Prussia became for a time Emperors of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Georg has, in fact, two older brothers, but they have resigned their rights.
-
Earlier Prussia
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
Wilhelm II
1888-1918 d. 1941
-
Friedrich Wilhelm V
1941-1951
-
Ludwig Ferdinand
1951-1994
-
Georg Friedrich
1994-
Here is a list of the Jacobite succession. In 1688, James II was deposed for attempting to establish Roman Catholicism in Great Britain; he and his heirs maintained a rival court on the continent
until the latter half of the 18th century. The Jacobite pretention has been nearly forgotten by now - the current inheritors are also the heirs to Bavaria and, oddly enough, also have a potential
claim to the old Crusader state of Jerusalem.
-
Great Britain Great Britain
-
STUART
-
James II
1685-1688 d. 1701
-
James III the Old Pretender
1701-1766
-
Charles III the Young Pretender
1766-1788
-
Henry IX, Cardinal Stuart
1788-1807
-
SAVOY
-
Charles IV Emmanuel
(King of Sardinia)
1807-1819
-
Victor Emmanuel
(King of Sardinia)
1819-1824
-
Mary III
(fem.)
1824-1840
-
HABSBURG (-Modena)
-
Francis I
(Duke of Modena)
1840-1875
-
Mary IV
(fem.)
1875-1919
-
WITTELSBACH (-Bavaria)
-
Rupert
1919-1955
-
Albert
1955-1996
-
Francis II
1996-
-
-
Mary IV
(fem.)
1840-1879
-
CAPET-Bourbon-Parma
-
Robert I
(Duke of Parma 1854-1859)
1879-1907
-
Henry X
1907-1939
-
Joseph
1939-1950
-
Elias
1950-1959
-
Robert II
1959-1974
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1974-1983
-
Mary V
(fem.)
1983-1994
-
Alice
(fem.)
1994-
GREAT BRITAIN
A Post-Modern monarchy
Recently, the British Parliament has, in it's ever-vigilant quest for a newer and more politically correct State, inaugurated drastic and far-reaching changes to the structure of the monarchy. No
longer will there be a dynastic succession - instead, the eldest surviving child of the Sovereign shall succeed regardless of gender, religious affiliation, or other potentially impeding attribute. Fair
enough, but that immediately invites the question: who is the most senior representative of the most senior line of the descendents of William the Conqueror? (I would have liked to follow this from
the beginnings of England, but Saxon genealogical records of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries are too fragmentary). It turns out that his eldest child was a daughter who, although she died within his
lifetime, left offspring...
-
William I the Conqueror
1066-1087
-
William II de Warenne
(Earl of Surrey)
1087-1138
-
William III
(Earl of Surrey)
1138-1148
-
Isabelle
(Css. of Surrey)
1148-1203
-
Adela
(fem.)
1203- ?
-
Thomas I FitzWilliam
-
William IV
? -13 ?
-
William V
13 ?-
-
John I
-
John II
-
Edmond
-
nn
-
Thomas II
? -1513
-
Thomas IV
(Earl of Southampton 1537-42)
1513-1542
-
-
John I
(Earl of Surrey)
1240-1304
-
John II
(Earl of Surrey)
1304-1347
-
-
Henry I Percy
1347-1352
-
Henry II
1352-1368
-
Henry III
(Earl of Northumberland)
1368-1408
-
Henry IV
(Earl of Northumberland)
1408-1455
-
Henry V
(Earl of Northumberland)
1455-1461
-
Henry VI
1461-1489
-
Henry VII
1489-1527
-
Henry VIII
1527-1537
-
Thomas
(Earl of Northumberland)
1537-1572
-
-
Henry IX
(Earl of Northumberland)
1572-1585
-
Henry X
(Earl of Northumberland)
1585-1632
-
Algernon
(Earl of Northumberland)
1632-1668
-
Mary I Stanhope
(fem.)
1668-1704
-
Mary II Coke
(fem.)
1704-1766
-
Thomas II Southwell
(Viscount Southwell)
1766-1780
-
Thomas III
(Viscount Southwell)
1780-1796
-
Margaret
(fem.)
1796-1820
-
Thomas IV
(Viscount Southwell)
1820-1860
-
-
George Villiers
(Earl of Clarendon)
1860-1870
-
Constance
(fem.)
1870-1922
-
Edward I Stanley
(Earl of Derby)
1922-1948
-
Edward II
(Earl of Derby)
1948-1994
-
Edward III
(Earl of Derby)
1994-
The two ordinal numbers given are owing to the fact that the Hellenic sovereigns are conscious of their Byzantine heritage, and often indicate as much by ennumerating themselves according to the
Mediaeval Emperors.
-
Earlier Greece
-
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-GLUCKSBURG
-
Konstantinos II
(XIII)
A Kingdom in northwestern Germany, based on the Duchy of Braunschweig-Luneburg, and notable as being represented by a cadet branch of the family which became the British Royal Family 1714-1901. The
pretenders still retain the right to petition the British government to restore the title of Duke of Cumberland, lost during World War I. The Kingdom itself fell to Prussia as a result of the Austro-Prussian
conflict, but compliance to Prussian interests gained Ernest Augustus III an allodial Braunschweig Duchy (Wolfenbuttel) for a short time before and during the first World War.
-
WELF
-
Georg V
1851-1866 d. 1878
-
Ernst August II
1878-1923
-
Ernst August III
(D. Br.-Wolfenbuttel 1913-8)
1923-1953
-
Ernst August IV
1953-1987
-
Ernst August V
1987-
The Hawaiian Islands were unified as a Kingdom in the early 19th century, previous to which they had been partitioned intro local chieftaincies and clan-oriented petty Kingdoms, as was the case with
most Pacific islands. Hawaii endured as a sovereign monarchy for over 80 years, but under increasing pressure from European and American interests, the Kingdom failed, and was replaced by a wholy-subservien
t republic - that, too, was dissolved and the islands became an American possession. The Royal Family still exists, however…
-
Earlier Hawaii
-
(Lydia) Liliuokalani
(fem.)
1891-1893 d. 1917
-
(David) Kalakaua II
1917-1954
-
(Abigail) Kapiolani
(fem.)
1954-1961
-
LAMBERT
-
(Edward Abner) Keliiahonui
1961-1997
-
-
-
(Quentin) Kawananakoa
1997-
The subcontinent of India has seen many empires and states during its very long history. From the 16th century to the 19th, most of what is now India was governed by a Muslim dynasty of Central Asian
origins; the Mughals. They gradually lost control over much of India as Hindu nationalists (particularly the Marathas) and European colonizers succeeded in asserting themselves in the provinces -
the dynasty was deposed in 1858 by the British, following the Sepoy Mutiny.
-
Earlier India
-
TIMURID (Mughal)
-
Bahadur Shah II
1837-1858 d. 1862
-
Hidayat Afshar
1862-1878
-
Sulaiman Shah Bahadur
1878-1890
-
Kaiwan Shah Gorkwani
1890-1913
-
Salim Muhammad Shah Bahadur
1913-1925
-
No claimant recognized
-
Khair ud-Din Khurshid Jah
1931-1975
-
Ghulam Moinuddin Muhammad
1975-
-
TIMURID (Mughal)
-
Bahadur Shah II
1837-1858 d. 1862
-
Quaiush
1862- ?
-
Abdullah
fl. early 20th cent.
-
Pyare
fl. 20th cent.
-
Begum Laila Umahani
(fem.)
living at the end of the 20th cent.
-
TIMURID (Mughal)
-
Bahadur Shah II
1837-1858 d. 1862
-
- Fatehul Mulk Bahadur, d. 1858
-
Farkhunda Jamal
1862- ?
-
Qamar Sultan Begum
(fem.)
d. 1993
-
Pakeeza Sultan Begum
(fem.)
1993-
ancient monarchy whose distant antecedents stretch back into the Classic Age and beyond.
-
The Pahlavi Claim:
-
Earlier Iran
-
PAHLAVI
-
Muhammad Reza I
1941-1979 d. 1980
-
Shahbanou Farah
(fem.)(As Dowager Empress-Regent)
1980 d. --
-
Reza II
1980-
The Pahlavis, listed above, are regarded by many as usurpers themselves, inasmuch as the founder of the dynasty began his career as prime minister and regent, overthrowing the previous dynasty during
a period of turmoil in the early 20th century. That dynasty, the Qajars, have left many descendants…
-
The Qajar Claim:
-
-
Earlier Iran
-
Ahmad Shah
1909-1925 d. 1929
-
Faridun
1929-1975 opposed by...
-
Muhammad Hasan I
1930-1943 and then...
-
Hamid Mirza
1943-1988
-
-
-
Muhammad Hasan II
1988-
An island in the Irish Sea, with a complex political and cultural background, being influenced by British, Irish, Norse, Anglo-Normans, and Scots. An independent and then semi-autonomous petty kingdom
until almost recent times, the succession here is quite straightforward, and provides an example of what might be thought of as a dormant throne-of-pretence, inasmuch as John III was pressured into
renouncing his rights by the British government, and his heirs do not now claim the island. Still, they hold the inheritence, should the question ever arise again...
-
Isle of Man Isle of Man
-
MURRAY
-
John III
(3rd Duke of Atholl)
1764-1765 d. 1774
-
John IV
(4th Duke of Atholl)
1774-1830
-
John V
(5th Duke of Atholl)
1830-1846
-
George Augustus Frederick John
(6th Duke)
1846-1864
-
-
John James Hugh Henry
(7th Duke of Atholl)
1864-1917
-
John George
(8th Duke of Atholl)
1917-1942
-
James Thomas
(9th Duke of Atholl)
1942-1957
-
-
George Iain
(10th Duke of Atholl)
1957-1996
-
John VI
(11th Duke of Atholl)
1996-
An island lying in front of Southampton Water, the River Test estuary, along the south coast of Britain opposite the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.
-
-
Previous Lords of Wight
(FitzOsbern 1067-78, de Redvers from 1100)
-
de REDVERS
-
Isabella
(fem.)(Countess of Devon)
1262-1293
-
-
De COURTENAY
-
Hugh I
(Earl of Devon)
1276-1340
-
Hugh II
(Earl of Devon)
1340-1377
-
Edward I
(Earl of Devon)
1377-1419
-
Hugh III
(Earl of Devon)
1419-1422
-
Thomas I
(Earl of Devon)
1422-1458
-
Thomas II
(Earl of Devon)
1458-1461
-
-
Henry I
1461-1466
-
John
(Earl of Devon 1470-1)
1466-1471
-
Hugh IV
1471-1472
-
Edward II
(Earl of Devon 1485-1509)
1472-1509
-
William III
(Earl of Devon 1511)
1509-1511
-
Henry II
(Mqss. Exeter)
1511-1538
-
Edward III
(Earl of Devon 1553-6)
1538-1556
-
-
William IV
1556-1557
-
William V
1557-1630
-
Francis
1630-1638
-
William VI
(Baronet Courtenay)
1638-1703
-
-
-
William VII
(Baronet Courtenay)
1703-1735
-
William VIII
(1st Vct. Courtenay 1762)
1735-1762
-
William IX
(2nd Viscount Courtenay)
1762-1788
-
William X
(V. Court.; Earl of Devon 1831-5)
1788-1835
-
-
William XI
(Earl of Devon)
1835-1859
-
William XII
(Earl of Devon)
1859-1888
-
Edward IV
(Earl of Devon)
1888-1891
-
Henry III
(Earl of Devon)
1891-1904
-
Charles I
(Earl of Devon)
1904-1927
-
Frederick
(Earl of Devon)
1927-1935
-
Charles II
(Earl of Devon)
1935-1998
-
Hugh IV
(Earl of Devon)
1998-
-
-
BEAUCHAMP
-
Henry
(Earl and Duke of Warwick)
1444-1446
-
Anne
(fem.)
1446-1449
-
-
Anne
(Countess of Warwick)
1449-1492
-
PLANTAGENET-York
-
Edward
(Earl of Salisbury)
1492-1499
-
Margaret
(fem.)(Countess of Salisbury)
1499-1541
-
etc
-
-
Umberto was on the throne for only a brief time, following the abdication of his father (who died later the same year) but previous to the elections which dissolved the monarchy.
-
Earlier Italy
-
SAVOY
-
Vittorio Emmanuele III
1900-1946 d. 1947
-
Umberto II
May-June 1946 d. 1983
-
Vittorio Emmanuele IV
1983-
The ancient Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem has exerted a subtle fascination to Europeans since its inception in 1099. While the City was lost to Muslim forces in 1244, the title to the state was retained
by various monarchs, and the claims and counterclaims to its proper succession are exceedingly complex. There are three main lines of thought here; all derive ultimately from the claims of Frederick
II, King of Germany and (1220-1250) Holy Roman Emperor. He managed to gain control over the Holy Land in 1225, passing it on to his heirs in 1228. His son (Conrad, 1228-1254) saw the loss
of the city and re-establishment of the Kingdom at Acre in 1244. His son, Conradin, was putative King of Jerusalem from 1254 until his unfortunate end in 1268. At that point, the fun begins...
JERUSALEM
The Cypriot claim
The Kingdom of Acre (Jerusalem) was assumed by the Kings of Cyprus, who retained the title even after the loss of Acre in 1291. Interestingly enough, this line devolves eventually into the Royal
House of Bavaria, who are also listed under that state and under Great Britain as the Jacobite heirs.
-
The Cypriot Claim:
-
-
CHATILLON
-
Hugh
1268-1284
-
Jean
1284-1285
-
Henri II
1285-1306 d. 1324
-
Amalric II
1306-1310
-
Henri II (restored)
1310-1324
-
Hugh IV
1324-1359
-
Pierre I
1359-1369
-
Pierre II
1369-1382
-
James I
1382-1398
-
Janus
1398-1432
-
Jean III
1432-1458
-
Charlotte
1458-1460 d. 1487
-
James II
1460-1473
-
James III
1473-1474
-
SAVOY
-
Ludovico
1474-1482
-
Carlo I the Warrior
1482-1490
-
Carlo II
1490-1496
-
Filippo the Landless
1496-1497
-
Filiberto the Handsome
1497-1504
-
Carlo III the Good
1504-1553
-
Emmanuel Filiberto
1553-1580
-
Carlo Emmanuel I
1580-1630
-
Vittorio Amadeo I
1630-1637
-
Carlo Emmanuel II
1637-1675
-
Vittorio Amadeo II
1675-1732
-
Carlo Emmanuel III
1730-1773
-
Vittorio Amadeo III
1773-1796
-
Carlo Emmanuel IV
1796-1819
-
Vittorio Emmanuel
1819-1824
-
Maria
1824-1840
-
HABSBURG (-Modena)
-
Francesco I
1840-1875
-
Maria II
1875-1919
-
WITTELSBACH (-Bavaria)
-
Rupprecht
1919-1955
-
Albrecht
1955-1996
-
Franz II
1996-
JERUSALEM
The Neapolitan claim
Based on the fact that Frederick II held Sicily and southern Italy, a claim that was assumed by his illegitimate son Manfred, the Kingdom of Naples has normally included Jerusalem as a adjunct title
within its collection.
-
The Neapolitan claim:
-
-
Earlier Jerusalem
-
HOHENSTAUFEN
-
Manfred
1250-1266
-
CAPET-ANJOU
-
Charles I
1266-1285
-
Charles II
1285-1309
-
Robert
1309-1343
-
Joanna I
1343-1382
-
Charles III
1382-1386
-
Ladislas
1386-1414
-
Joanna II
1414-1435
-
René
1435-1442 d. 1480
-
TRASTAMARA (Aragon)
-
Alfonso I
1442-1458
-
Ferdinand I
1458-1494
-
Alfonso II
1494-1495
-
Ferdinando II
1495-1496
-
Federigo II
1496-1502
-
Ferdinando III
1502-1516
-
HABSBURG (Spain)
-
Carlos IV
(HRE 1519-1558: K. Spain)
1516-1555 d. 1558
-
Felipe I
(King of Spain, Nap + Sic. 1555-1598)
1555-1598
-
Felipe II
(K. of Spain, Nap + Sic. 1598-1621)
1598-1621
-
Felipe III
(K. of Spain, Nap + Sic. 1621-1665)
1621-1665
-
Carlos V
(King of Spain, Nap + Sic. 1665-1700)
1665-1700
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Philip IV
(King of Spain 1700-1746)
1700-1707 d. 1746
-
HABSBURG (Austria)
-
Joseph I
(Holy Roman Emperor 1705-1711)
1707-1711
-
Carlo VI
(Holy Roman Emperor 1711-1740)
1711-1734 d. 1740
-
CAPET-BOURBON-SPAIN-the TWO SICILIES
-
Carlo VII
(K. Nap-Sic.; K. Spain 1759-88)
1734-1759 d. 1788
-
-
-
Ferdinando IV
(Nap-Sic./1816)
1759-1825
-
Francesco I
(King of the Two Sicilies)
1825-1830
-
Ferdinando II
(King of the Two Sicilies)
1830-1859
-
Francesco II
(K. of the Two Sicilies 1859-61)
1859-1894
-
Alfonso III
1894-1934
-
Ferdinando III
1934-1960
-
Alfonso IV
1960-1964
-
Carlo VIII
1964-
JERUSALEM
The Saxon claim
There is yet a third line of thought to pursue - if we measure the line from Frederick the Emperor, and accept only his legitimate heirs, we end up with a succession following Conradin that looks
like this…
-
The Saxon claim:
-
-
Earlier Jerusalem
-
HOHENSTAUFEN
-
Margarethe
1268-1270
-
WETTIN
-
Heinrich
(Margrave of Meissen 1222-1288)
1270-1288
-
Friedrich II
(Margrave in Meissen)
1288-1313
-
Friedrich III of the Bitten Cheek
(Mei. 1292-1324)
1313-1324
-
Friedrich IV the Solemn
(Mgv. Meissen 1324-49)
1324-1349
-
Friedrich V the Harsh
(Mgv. Meissen 1349-81)
1349-1381
-
Friedrich VI the Quarrelsome
(Meiss. 1381-1423)
1381-1428
-
Friedrich VII the Mild
(D. of Saxony 1428-64)
1428-1464
-
Ernst I
(Duke of Saxony 1464-1486)
1464-1486
-
Friedrich VIII
(Duke of Saxony 1486-1525)
1486-1525
-
Johann
(Duke of Saxony 1525-1532)
1525-1532
-
Johann Friedrich I the Magnanimous
(Sax. 1532-47)
1532-1554
-
Johann Friedrich II
(co-D. Saxe-Gotha 1554-66)
1554-1595
-
Johann Casimir
(D. Saxe-Coburg 1573-1633)
1595-1633
-
Johann Ernst
(D. Saxe-Eisenach 1572-1638)
1633-1638
-
Johann Philipp
(D. Saxe-Altenburg 1602-1639)
1638-1639
-
Elisabeth Sophia
1639-1680
-
Friedrich IX
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1680-1691
-
Friedrich X
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1691-1732
-
Friedrich XI
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1732-1772
-
Ernst II
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1772-1804
-
Emil Leopold
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1804-1822
-
Frederick XII
(D. Saxe-Altenburg)
1822-1825
-
Ernst III
(S.C.-Saalf. 1806-26; S.C.-Gotha 26-44)
1825-1844
-
Ernst IV
(D. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha)
1844-1893
-
Albert Edward
(K. Great Brit. 1901-10 as Ed. VII)
1893-1910
-
George I
(King of Great Britain 1910-1936)
1910-1936
-
Edward
(King of Great Britain 1936)
1936 d. 1972
-
George II
(King of Great Britain 1936-1952)
1936-1952
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)(Queen of Great Britain 1952-)
1952-
-
-
A mountain kingdom at the extreme northern end of the Indian subcontinent. An ancient land, it had fallen under foreign dominance from the late 16th century. It re-emerged in the mid-19th century,
and took its place among the many quasi-sovereign Indian states of the British Raj. When Great Britain granted independence to India in 1947, the Indian princes were put under heavy pressure to accede
to the new regime and place their territories under the authority of the republic - the maharajah of Kashmir determined, however to retain a separate independence. However, the region became embroiled
in the exploding conflict between India and Pakistan as Pakistani troops and guerrillas invaded Kashmir in the hopes of seizing it. The situation made complex owing to the fact that while the maharajah
was Hindu, a great many of his subjects were Muslim - he was forced to seek immediate aid from India, whose price was dissolution of the monarchy and annexation to India. Indian and Pakistani troops
clashed, and formed the de facto frontier line running through the land which exists to this day. Neither India nor Pakistan have given up claims to the region, but in 2006 diplomatic efforts
brought a more stable cease-fire and a renewal of cross-border contacts.
-
Earlier Kashmir
-
DOGRA
-
Hari Singh
1925-1948 d. 1961
-
Karan Singh
1961-
A mountainous peninsula off the coast of northeastern Asia, inhabited for ages by the Korean people. Often referred to as the Hermit Kingdom owing to it's insular and isolationist policies, it was
dragged into the 20th century through a long sequence of horrific events - first foreign occupation, followed by war and a partition which exists to this day.
-
Earlier Korea
-
YI
-
Kojong II
(Kwangmu)
1864-1907 d. 1919
-
Japanese "Protectorate"
1905-1910
-
Sungjong
(Yeonghui)
1907-1910 d. 1926
-
Annexed to Japan
1910-1945
-
Yong
1926-1970
-
Yi Ku
1970-2005
-
Yi Won
2005-
An ancient kingdom in the northern interior of southeast Asia. Placed under French colonial authority in the 1880's, and conquered by Japan during the Second World War, the monarchy survived into
full independence in 1953. But as a result of the chaos engendered by Cold War rivalries in Southeast Asia in the 1970's, the monarchy collapsed. The royal family was placed in a Pathet Lao "re-education
camp", and the king and his son starved to death - two of his grandsons escaped, however, on a palm-leaf raft across the Mekong into Thailand.
-
Earlier Laos
-
KHUN LO
-
Savang Vatthana
1959-1975 d. c. 1978/80
-
Soulivong Savang
1978/80-
A kingdom for awhile following independence in December of 1951.
-
Earlier Libya
-
SANUSI
-
Idris I
1951-1969 d. 1983
-
Hasan
1983-1992
-
Muhammad
1992-
This is the largest of the Balearic Isles, in the Western Mediterranean, situated between Minorca to the east and Ibiza to the southwest. In the Middle Ages, these islands and a mainland district
- the County of Rousillon in southern France, constituted a petty Kingdom of sorts, established after the Aragonese won them from Muslim occupation. The Kingdom didn't last very long; during an episode
of consolidation in the 14th century, Aragon seized the islands and deposed their King. But, he had heirs and descendents...
-
Earlier Mallorca
-
BARCELONA
-
James II
1324-1343 d. 1349
-
James III
1349-1375
-
Isabella
(fem.)
1375-1403
-
PALEOLOGUS
-
Theodore
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1403-1418
-
John James
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1418-1446
-
John
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1446-1464
-
William
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1464-1483
-
Boniface
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1483-1494
-
William II
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1494-1518
-
Boniface II
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1518-1530
-
John George
(Margrave of Montferrat)
1530-1533
-
Margaret I
(fem.)
1533-1566
-
GONZAGA
-
William III
(Duke of Mantua)
1566-1587
-
Vincent I
(Duke of Mantua)
1587-1612
-
Francis I
(Duke of Mantua)
1612
-
Ferdinand
(Duke of Mantua)
1612-1626
-
Vincent II
(Duke of Mantua)
1626-1627
-
Margaret II
(fem.)
1627-1657
-
VAUDEMONT (HABSBURG-LORRAINE)
-
Nicole
(fem.)
1632-1657
-
Ferdinand Philip
1657-1659
-
Charles Leopold
(Duke of Lorraine)
1659-1690
-
Leopold Joseph
(Duke of Lorraine)
1690-1729
-
Francis Stephen
(HRE)
1729-1765
-
Joseph
(HRE)
1765-1790
-
Leopold
(HRE)
1790-1792
-
Francis II
(Emperor of Austria)
1792-1835
-
Ferdinand II
(Emperor of Austria)
1835-1875
-
Francis Charles
1875-1878
-
Francis Joseph
(Emperor of Austria)
1878-1916
-
Charles I
(Emperor of Austria)
1916-1922
-
Otto
1922-2011
-
Charles II
2011-
Mexico has had two monarchic governments. Though neither lasted very long, the monarchic tradition has not been forgotten here. The Iturbide Emperor was a conservative upper-class 2nd generation
Mexican who took a leading part in wresting independence from Spain. The history of his reign is a cautionary example of why it is never wise to select as sovereign someone who other members of his class
regard as no better than themselves. Driven out of Mexico after nine months, he returned the next year but was summarily executed. The Mexican government subsequent to the 1820's proved very unstable,
and in the 1850's a reform movement headed by Benito Juarez took hold of the state. Because Juarez suspended debt payments (to Europe but not the United States), conservative elements aided by France
were able to install the Second Empire, headed by an Austro-Hungarian prince who, it was felt, would act the part of an amiable cipher. Maximilian was anything but, however and after a time France
withdrew support at just the time when Juarez' forces, assisted by the USA (the Civil War had just ended, leaving America with one of the largest and most battle-hardened armies in the world), returned.
-
Earlier Mexico
-
ITURBIDE
-
Augustine I
1822-1823 d. 1824
-
Augustine II
1824-1866
-
Habsburg-Iturbide from 1865, see below.
-
Angelus
1866-1872
-
-
VAUDEMONT
(Lorraine-Habsburg)
-
Maximilian I
1864-1867
-
-
HABSBURG-ITURBIDE
-
Angelus
(from above)
1867-1872
-
Augustine III
1872-1925
-
Maria Josepha
(fem.)
1925-1949
-
TUNKL-YTURBIDE
-
Maria Anna
(fem.)
1949-1997
-
Maria Gizella
(fem.)
1997-1999
-
GÖTZEN-ITURBIDE
-
Maximilian II Gustav
1999-
Mexico is a very old state; there have been large imperial states in the central highlands for many centuries. The Spanish conquest of the region imposed a new culture and political framework, but
by no means extinguished the people themselves - in fact, descendants of the pre-Columbian dynasty survived, and some eventually became ennobled within the Spanish peerage.
-
The Aztec descent
-
Earlier Mexico
-
AZTEC
-
Moctezuma II
1502-1520
-
Pedro Axayacatl II
1521
-
Diego Luis I
fl. 16th cent.
-
Pedro Tesifon
(1st Count Montezuma 1627)
d. 1639
-
Diego Luis II
1639-1680
-
Jeronima
(fem.)
1680-1692
-
SARMIENTO
-
Fausta Dominga
(fem.)
1692-1701
-
Melchora Juana
(fem.)
1701-1017 or 35
-
de SILVA
-
Teresa
(fem.)
1717 or 35-1736
-
de OCA
-
Jeronimo
1736-1778
-
Joaquin
1778-1795
-
Clara
(fem.)
1795-1799
-
de TERUEL
-
Jose Antonio
1799-1807
-
Alfonso
1807-1836
-
Pedro
1836-1849
-
Antonio
(1st Duke Montezuma 1864)
-
Luis I
1890-1929
-
Luis II
1929-1936
-
Fernando
1936-1985
-
Juan Jose
1985-
Here is list of pretenders after they were deposed in 1918. Nikola I left Montenegro in 1917, and was dethroned in 1918. But the Kingdom of Montenegro continued in exile until 1922 when Montenegro
was internationally recognized as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes - what would become Yugoslavia a few years later.
-
Earlier Montenegro
-
PETROVIC-NJEGOS
-
Nikola I
(Prince 1860-1910)
1910-1918 d. 1921
-
Danilo I
1921 d. 1939
-
Mihajlo I
1921-1986
-
Nikola II
1986-
a small region straddling the Spanish/French frontier near the Bay of Biscay, was once the most powerful Christian kingdom in Spain; however, when it was cut off from Islamic territories by the expansion
of Leon-Castile to the west and Aragon to the east, it grew insular. In 1512 Spain seized most of the kingdom. But the Navarrese sovereigns and their heirs continued to govern a pocket regality
in far southwestern France, in Bearn, based at Pau (note also, in virtue of the fact that these were Comtes de Foix, Navarre was conjoined with the secular co-Princes of Andorra). In 1589, King Henry
III of Navarre became King Henry IV of France. In 1620, France formally incorporated the remainder of Navarre into France, though the French kings continued to use the title.
-
Earlier Navarre
-
De GRAILLY
-
Catherine
(fem.)
1483-1517 with…
-
D' ALBRET
-
Jean II
1483-1516 and then…
-
Henri II
1516-1555
-
Jeanne III
(fem.)
1555-1572 with…
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Antoine
1555-1562 and then...
-
Henri III
(King of France as H. IV 1589-1610)
1562-1610
-
Louis II
(XIII, King of France)
1610-1643
-
Louis III
(XIV, King of France)
1643-1715
-
Louis IV
(XV, King of France)
1715-1774
-
Louis V
(XVI, King of France)
1774-1793
-
Louis VI
1793-1795
-
-
-
Marie Thérèse
(fem.)
1795-1851
-
Henri IV
(C. de Chambord)
1851-1883
-
-
-
CAPET-BOURBON-PARMA
-
Robert I
(Duke of Parma 1854-9)
1883-1907
-
Henry V
(Titular Duke of Parma)
1907-1939
-
Joseph
(Titular Duke of Parma)
1939-1950
-
Elias
(Titular Duke of Parma)
1950-1959
-
Robert II
(Titular Duke of Parma)
1959-1974
-
Maria Francesca
(fem.)
1974-1994
-
Alicia
(fem.)
1994-
-
-
A Himalayan nation, the modern state dates from the unification of core provinces in 1769, but there has been a definable nation here for ages. The monarchy has been revered by the populace, although
it lost much day-to-day authority to a clan of hereditary viziers from the 1840's. In a series of sharp struggles between the Royal dynasty and the Vizieral clan in recent times, the Royals
emerged victorious, but in 2001, the monarchy imploded catastrophically. On June 1 of that year, the crown prince apparently assassinated his father the king, his mother, and his brother and sister,
and then committed suicide, lingering for 3 days as technically king before dying. His uncle then assumed control - he could have restored confidence in the monarchy, but was unable - an uncharismatic
man widely seen as grasping, insensitive, and autocratic, he was rumoured to have had a hand in some manner in the assassination. He assumed sweeping powers in order to deal with a Maoist insurgency,
but gradually lost control of affairs, his reign ending in a complete victory by the Communists and the declaration of a republic.
-
Earlier Nepal
-
SHAH
-
Gyanendra Bir Bikram
2001-2008 d.
Nestled between France and Switzerland is the Canton of Neuchâtel. A county within the Holy Roman Empire, it was raised to the status of Principality in 1643 and, 5 years later, followed the
Swiss Confederation (with which it had had a long formal connection with) in becoming fully independent of the Empire. For the next 209 years it was a sovereign state with special ties to Switzerland.
In 1848 it adopted a republican form of government (the Princes retaining certain rights and privileges), and in 1857 it was fully integrated within Switzerland.
-
Earlier Neuchâtel
-
Capet-Orleans-LONGUEVILLE
-
-
Marie Anne
(fem.)
1672-1707
-
-
-
SAVOY-Carignano
(d. 1656)
-
-
Emmanuel Philibert
(Pr. Carignano 1656-1709)
1707-1709
-
Victor Amadeus I
(Prince of Carignano)
1709-1741
-
Louis Victor Amadeus
(Prince of Carignano)
1741-1778
-
Victor Amadeus II
(Prince of Carignano)
1778-1780
-
Charles Emmanuel
(Prince of Carignano)
1780-1800
-
Charles Albert
(King of Sardinia 1831-49)
1800-1849
-
Victor Emmanuel I
(K. Sard.; Italy 1861-78)
1849-1878
-
Umberto I
(King of Italy)
1878-1900
-
Victor Emmanuel II
(King of Italy 1900-46)
1900-1947
-
Umberto II
(King of Italy 1946)
1947-1983
-
Victor Emmanuel III
1983-
The Kingdom of Norway is one of the oldest European monarchies in existence today, having in it's origins evolved out of a welter of local Norse tribal and clan chieftaincies at the end of the 9th
century. In early times, the succession in Norway was more a matter of tanistry than regular genealogical inheritence, and so it is nearly impossible to assign with any clarity putative heirs before
the 13th century.
-
Earlier Norway
-
Haakon V
1299-1319
-
-
-
FOLKUNGA
-
Magnus VII
1319-1355 d. 1374: with...
-
Haakon VI
1343-1380
-
Olav IV
1380-1387
-
-
-
MECKLENBURG-Schwerin
-
Albert I
1387-1388
-
-
-
POMERANIA-Stolp
-
Hans Sigurdsonn
(lord of Giske)
1453-1464
-
Eric III
(Nor. 1389-1439, Den., Swe. 1397-1439)
1388-1459
-
Agnes Alvsdottir Bolt
(fem.)
1464-1472
-
MECKLENBURG-Schwerin
-
BOLT
-
Henry I
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Werle)
1459-1477
-
Alv Knutsonn
(lord of Solör)
-
Albert II
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
1477-1483
-
Knut Alvsonn
? -1502
-
Magnus VIII
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1477-1503
-
Karl Knutsonn
1502-1520
-
Henry II
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1503-1552
-
Eirik Knutsonn
1520
-
Philip
1552-1557
-
Gyrvhild
(fem.)
1520-1605
-
John I
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
1557-1576
-
BOGESUND
-
John II
(Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1576-1602
-
Johan
(count of Bogesund)
1592-c. 1612
-
OXENSTIERNA
-
Adolph
(Duke of Mecklen.-Schwerin)
1602-1658
-
Gabriel
(count of Korsholma)
c. 1612-1656
-
Christian I
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1658-1692
-
-
-
Frederick I
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1692-1713
-
Gabriel
(count of Korsholma)
1656-1673
-
Charles
(Duke of Mecklen.-Schwerin)
1713-1747
-
Gustaf Adolf
(count of Korsholma)
1672-1697
-
Christian II
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1747-1756
-
Gabriel Adolf
(count of Korsholma)
1697-1709 ?
-
Frederick II
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1756-1785
-
Hedwig Wilhelmina
(fem.)
1709-1758
-
Frederick III
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1785-1837
-
STENBOCK
-
Paul
(Duke of Mecklenbur-Schwerin)
1837-1842
-
Johan
1758-1807
-
Frederick IV
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1842-1883
-
Johan
1807-1838
-
Frederick V
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin)
1883-1897
-
STRANDMANN
-
Frederick VI
(Duke of Meck.-Schwerin to 1918)
1897-1945
-
Otto Karl Friedrich
1838-1840
-
Frederick VII
1945-2001
-
Julie
(fem.)
1840-1903
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
Von KNORRING
-
George Frederick
2001-
-
Constantin Egolf Gustav
1903-1930
-
-
-
Irene
(fem.)
1930-1957
-
Von STICHSENSTEIN
-
Ladislas Franz Leopold
1957-1999 >
There is an alternative to the above, and in fact a number of the holders of this claim have attempted to gain the throne, been offered the throne and refused, or have at least been commonly acknowleged
as having a connection to the claim. As indicated above, King Haakon V ad but one legitimate child, his daughter Ingeborg. When it became apparent that the hereditary succession must pass through
her, an agreement was constructed which recognized the rights of succession to her descendants - however, a codicil inserted in the document equired that in the event of Ingeborg's descendents
becoming extinct, succession would then pass through any legitimate descendents of Haakon's illegitimate daughter Agnes Haakonardottir. This provided an excuse to put forth alternative claims whenever
a strand of the ngeborg line died out (even though there might be other collateral lines). In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Sudreim claimancy wandered among various descendents whenever an opportunity
or crisis occured, but by the later 15th century, a distinct lineage had generally een recognized by those who knew the genealogies, even though it did not, as it happens, represent the senior
stemma of the Agnes descendency.
-
Earlier Norway
-
Haakon V
1299-1319
-
Ingeborg
(fem.)
1319-1361
-
FOLKUNGA
-
Magnus VII
1319-1355 d. 1374: with...
-
Haakon VI
1343-1380
-
Olav IV
1380-1387
-
SUDREIM
-
Haakon Jonsonn
(lord of Soerum)
fl. 1387/8
-
Haakon Sigurdsonn
(lord of Giske)
d. c. 1407
-
Sigurd Jonsonn
(lord of Giske)
c. 1407-1453
The largest Islamic state in near-modern times, the Ottomans at the height of their power governed all the Levant, North Africa, the Balkans, and Mesoptamia. Regarded as "the sick man of Europe"
during the 19th century (a reasonably accurate assessment for the times, as it was increasingly frail and ossified in the face of burgeoning European influence), it ironically survived, albeit for only
a few years, the European Empires who were it's most persistent opponents, Austria and Russia. The Osmanli family is one of the few Islamic dynasties to maintain a law of succession that resembles European
practice.
-
Earlier Ottomans
-
OSMANLI
-
Mehmet VI
(Caliph 1918-1922)
1918-1922 d. 1926
-
Abdülmecid II
(Caliph 1922-1924)
1926-1944
-
Ahmed IV
1944-1954
-
Osman II
1954-1973
-
Mehmet VII
1973-1977
-
Ali
1977-1983
-
Mehmet VIII
1983-1994
-
Ertugrul
1994-2009
-
Beyazid III
2009-
Emerging as a viable state in the 10th century, during the high Middle Ages and Renaissance Poland was conjoined in personal union with Lithuania, and became thereby one of the largest and most
powerful states in Europe, encompassing much of what is the modern nation as well as Lithuania, Belarus, and most of the Ukraine. In 1569 Poland was converted from a hereditary to an elective monarchy
(the last hereditary Polish king was pressured into reforming the government owing to his childlessness and also because of severe military threat from Russia), and in fact the state was self-described
as a rzeczpospolita, a republic, although the chief executive retained the title of Krol, King. Notwithstanding
such, Sigismund II did, in fact, have relatives who could have pressed a claim to the throne had circumstances played out differently...
-
Earlier Poland
-
JAGIELLON
-
Sigismund II
1548-1572
-
Hedwig I
(fem.)
1572-1573
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
Elisabeth Magdalena
(fem.)
1573-1595
-
Hedwig II
(fem.)
1595-1602
-
WELF (Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
-
Henry Julius
(Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg)
1602-1613
-
Frederick Ulrich
(Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg)
1613-1634
-
Sophia Hedwig
(fem.)
1634-1642
-
ORANGE-NASSAU (Nassau-Dietz)
-
William Frederick
(Pr. of Nassau-Dietz)
1642-1664
-
Henry Casimir
(Pr. of Nassau-Dietz)
1664-1696
-
John William Friso
(Prince of Orange)
1696-1711
-
William I
(Prince of Orange)
1711-1751
-
William II
(Prince of Orange)
1751-1806
-
William III
(King of the Netherlands)
1806-1843
-
William IV
(King of the Netherlands)
1843-1849
-
William V
(King of the Netherlands)
1849-1890
-
Wilhelmina
(fem.)(Queen of the Netherlands)
1890-1962
-
Juliana
(fem.)(Queen of the Netherlands)
1962-2002
-
Beatrix
(fem.)(Queen of the Netherlands)
2002-
The House of Bragança-Viseu is a cadet branch of the original Royal family; during the second half of the 19th century the monarchy had been in the hands of a German House (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
the same House that held Bulgaria and holds Great Britain - see also Jerusalem) which had inherited the elder stem of the Royal House.
-
Earlier Portugal
-
WETTIN-BRAGANÇA
-
Manoel II
1908-1910 d. 1932
-
BRAGANÇA-VIZEU
-
Duarte II
1932-1976
-
Duarte III
1976-
-
-
-
Miguel
1828-1834 d. 1866
-
Miguel II
1866-1927
-
Duarte II
1927-1976
-
Duarte III
1976-
At an earlier time than the above entry, Portugal suffered a massive succession crisis, in 1580, which resulted in the takeover of the kingdom by Philip II of Spain - Portuguese autonomy wasn't recovered
until 1640. Briefly, the crown had been held by Sebastian, a deeply unstable neurotic whose chief desire was to lead a crusade against the Moors - he was killed in a battle in North Africa,
leaving no heir. The Crown was inherited by a 66-year old Cardinal, who died after two years. At that point, the succession became exceedingly muddled, and five contenders leaped forward to claim
the prize; the king of Spain was one of them, and his cause prevailed. Genealogically, though, the nearest legitimate heir was a neice of the aforementioned Cardinal; she had died by 1580, but she had
left descendents in the north Italian family of Farnese…
-
Earlier Portugal
-
AVIZ
-
Sebastiao
1557-1578
-
Henrique
1578-1580
-
FARNESE
-
Ranutio I
(Duke of Parma 1592-1622)
1580-1622
-
Alexandro
1622-1630
-
Duarte II
(Duke of Parma 1622-1646)
1630-1646
-
Ranutio II
(Duke of Parma)
1646-1694
-
Francisco
(Duke of Parma)
1694-1727
-
Antonio
(Duke of Parma)
1727-1731
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1731-1766
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Carlos I
(King of Spain 1759-1788)
1766-1788
-
Carlos II
(King of Spain 1788-1808)
1788-1819
-
Fernao
(King of Spain 1813-1833)
1819-1833
-
Isabel
(fem.)
1833-1904
-
Afonso V
(King of Spain 1886-1931)
1904-1941
-
James
(Legitimist Titular King of France)
1941-1975
-
Afonso VI
(Legitimist Titular K of France)
1975-1989
-
Luis
(Legitimist Titular King of France)
1989-
-
-
-
Earlier Portugal
-
AVIZ
-
Sebastiao
1557-1578
-
Henrique
1578-1580
-
CRATO
-
Antonio I
1580-1595
-
Manoel II
1595-1638
-
Manoel III
1638-1660/6
-
Manoel IV
1660/6-1687
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1687-1718
-
Amalia
(fem.)
1718-1731
-
-
Michael was superceded as a small child by his father in the 1930's, but returned during the second World War, only to be redeposed by the Communists.
-
Earlier Romania
-
HOHENZOLLERN
-
Michael
1927-1930, 1940-1947 d. ...
The Russian Imperial House has a great many branches, and a potential Tsar may be determined in several different ways, depending on how one gives weight to various claims. What follows is one possible
interpretation, based on a fairly strict interpretation of what constitutes legitimacy - but there are a number of other interpretations which could be made.
-
Earlier Russia
-
ROMANOV (Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
-
Nikolai II
1894-1917 d. 1918
-
Grigori
1918-1931 opposed by...
-
Kyril
1924-1938
-
Vladimir
1938-1992
-
Maria
(fem.)
1992-
A small Kingdom in eastern Germany, established in 1806.
-
Earlier Saxony
-
WETTIN
-
Friedrich August III
1904-1918 d. 1932
-
Georg II
1932-1943
-
Friedrich Christian
1943-1968
-
Maria Emanuel
(male)
1968-
The core of this kingdom in the north of Britain emerged in the 9th century, but full unification eluded the Scots until 1034, with the amalgamation of Strathclyde with Scotland proper. In it's origins,
the Scottish succession was, like all Celtic nations, an extraordinarily complex and cumbersome system of tanistry involving the weaving of a line of succession back and forth between separate
branches of the royal clan, a method which virtually guarenteed chronic civil war and feuding. However, by the end of the 11th century, the idea of primogeniture had taken hold, and thereafter the succession
proceeded on a somewhat more regular basis. Which isn't to say there weren't problems along the way...
-
Earlier Scotland
-
MacCRINAN
-
Duncan I
1034-1040
-
Malcolm III Great-Head
(K. of Scots 1058-93)
1040-1093
-
-
Duncan II
1093-1094
-
-
William I
(Earl of Moray)
1094-1154
-
-
William II
1154-c. 1156
-
Donald III
c. 1156-1187
-
Godfrith
1187-1213
-
Donald IV
1213-1215
-
-
De FORZ
-
William III
(Count of Aumale)
1215-1220
-
William IV
(Count of Aumale)
1220-1260
-
Thomas
(Count of Aumale)
1260-1269
-
Aveline
(Css. Aumale)
1269-1274
-
-
MacCRINAN
-
Alexander
(III, K. of Scots 1249-86)
1274-1286
-
SKIOLDING
-
Margaret
(Queen of Scots)
1286-1290
-
-
BALIOL
-
John Toom-Tabard
(King of Scots 1292-1296)
1290-1313
-
Edward
(King of Scots 1332, 1333-1342)
1313-1363
-
SCOTLAND
The line of Cecily Baliol
-
-
De MORLEY
-
William
(3rd Lord Morley)
1363-1379
-
Thomas, KG
(4th Lord Morley)
1379-1416
-
Thomas
(5th Lord Morley)
1416-1435
-
Ann
(fem.)
1435-1471
-
HASTINGS
-
Hugh
( 9th Lord Hastings)
1471-1488
-
John
1488-1504
-
-
George
1504-1511
-
Hugh
1511-1540
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1540- ?
-
Le STRANGE
-
Nicholas
? -1591
-
Hamon
1591-1654
-
Nicholas
(1st Baronet Le Strange)
1654-1655
-
Hamon
(2nd Bt.)
1655-1656
-
Nicholas
(3rd Bt.)
1656-1669
-
Nicholas
(4th Bt.)
1669-1724
-
Lucy
(fem.)
1724-1739
-
ASTLEY
-
Edward
(4th Baronet Astley)
1739-1802
-
Jacob
(5th Bt.)
1802-1817
-
Jacob
(6th Bt., and 16th L. Hastings 1841)
1817-1859
-
Jacob
(17th L. Hastings)
1859-1871
-
Delaval
(18th L. Hastings)
1871-1872
-
Bernard
(19th L. Hastings)
1872-1875
-
George
(20th L. Hastings)
1875-1904
-
Albert
(21st L. Hastings)
1904-1956
-
Edward
(22nd L. Hastings)
1956-2007
-
Delaval
(23rd L. Hastings)
2007-
SCOTLAND
The line of Ada Baliol
What of the other lines? In the event that my presumption of Cecily Baliol's seniority is not, in fact, accurate, let me here append the descendents of the other two sisters, for completeness sake...
-
-
De COUCY
-
Enguerrand
(Ea. of Bedford, Cte. de Soisson)
1363-1397
-
Marie
(fem.)
1397-1405
-
De BAR
-
Robert
1405-1415
-
Jeanne
(Css. Marle et Soissons)
1415-1462
-
LUXEMBOURG
-
Jean
(Comte de Soissons)
1462-1476
-
Pierre
(d'Enghien)
1476-1482
-
Marie
(fem.)
1482-1546
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Antoine
(King of Navarre)
1546-1562
-
Henri
(IV, King of France)
1562-1610
-
Louis
(XIII, King of France)
1610-1643
-
Louis
(XIV, King of France)
1643-1715
-
Louis
(XV, King of France)
1715-1774
-
Louis
(XVI, King of France)
1774-1793
-
Louis
(XVII, King of France)
1793-1795
-
Louis
(XVIII, King of France)
1795-1824
-
Charles
(X, King of France)
1824-1836
-
Louis
1836-1844
-
Henri
1844-1883
-
Capet-Bourbon-Parma
-
Robert
1883-1907
-
Henry
1907-1939
-
Joseph
1939-1950
-
Elias
1950-1959
-
Robert
1959-1974
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1974-1983
-
Maria Francesca
(fem.)
1983-1994
-
Alice
(fem.)
1994-
SCOTLAND
The line of Alianora Baliol
-
-
COMYN
-
David
(Earl of Atholl)
1364-1369
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1369-1416
-
PERCY
-
Henry
1416-1432
-
Margaret
(fem.)
1432-1464
-
GREY
-
Henry
(7th Lord Grey of Codnor)
1464-1496
-
CLARELL
-
Elizabeth
(fem.)
1496-1503
-
FitzWILLIAM
-
Thomas
1503-1511
-
Alice
(fem.)
1511-1530 >
-
FOLJAMBE
-
Godfrey
1530 > -1585
-
Godfrey
1585-1595
-
THORNE
-
Alice
(fem.)
? d. aft. c. 1590
-
STALEY
-
Zeno
-
WOODROVE
-
Ellis
-
Jane
(fem.)
? -1658
-
FOLJAMBE
-
Francis
1658-1707
-
Francis
1707-1732
-
Thomas
1732-1758
-
Anne
(fem.)
d. aft. 1750
-
(Moore): assumed the name of FOLJAMBE
-
Francis
1758 ? -1814
-
George
1814-1869
-
Francis
1869-1917
-
-
George
1917-1920
-
Edmund
1920-1960
-
Robert ?
-
Christopher ?
-
-
These are the Carlist Pretenders, a faction of the Royal Family who felt that when Ferdinand VII died the Crown should have gone to his brother Carlos, Count of Molina, rather than his daughter Isabella.
See also:
Castile.
-
Earlier Spain
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Carlos V
1833-1855
-
Carlos VI
1855-1861
-
Juan III
1861-1887
-
Carlos VII
1887-1909
-
Jaime III
1909-1931
-
Alfonso Carlos
1931-1936
-
-
-
Capet-Borbon-Parma
-
Javier I
1936-1977
-
Carlos VIII
1977-
Although Sweden has been for the past two centuries something of a watchword in examples of stable European societies, it's relationship to it's individual sovereigns, and whole dynasties, has often
been turbulant and sometimes chaotic in past eras. The Swedish nobility and commons have had a long history in modifying, disrupting, or overthrowing regimes that didn't meet with their expectations,
and there are a number of instances where Swedish history would have developed differently had dynastic inheritences been permitted to flow without interference.
-
Earlier Sweden
-
-
-
VASA
-
Gustav I
1523-1560
-
Eric XIV
1560-1577
-
-
-
Gustav II
1577-1607
-
-
-
Sigismund
(K. Poland 1587-1632, Swe. 1592-9)
1607-1632
-
-
-
Wladyslaw
(K. of Poland)
1632-1648
-
John Casimir
(K. of Poland 1648-68)
1648-1672
-
-
-
WITTELSBACH (Pfalz-Zweibrücken)
-
Charles XI
(K. of Sweden 1660-97)
1672-1697
-
Charles XII
(K. of Sweden)
1697-1718
-
-
-
OLDENBURG (Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
-
Charles Frederick
1718-1739
-
-
-
Charles Peter Ulrich
(Emp. Russia as Peter III 1762)
1739-1762
-
Paul
(Emperor of Russia 1796-1801)
1762-1801
-
Alexander I
(Emp. Russia)
1801-1825
-
Constantine
1825-1831
-
Nicholas I
(Emp. Russia 1825-55)
1831-1855
-
Alexander II
(Emp. Russia)
1855-1881
-
Alexander III
(Emp. Russia)
1881-1894
-
Nicholas II
(Emp. Russia)
1894-1918
-
Cyril
1924-1938
-
Vladimir
1938-1992
-
Maria
(fem.)
1992-
Another question in Swedish dynastic history concerns alternatives to the emergence of the current dynasty, Bernadotte, in the early 19th century.
-
-
-
OLDENBURG Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
-
Gustav IV Adolph
1792-1809 d. 1832
-
Gustav V
1832-1877
-
Caroline
(fem.)
1877-1907
-
ZAHRINGEN (Baden-Durlach)
-
-
Frederick II
(Grand Duke of Baden 1907-18)
1907-1928
-
Sophia
(fem.)
1928-1930
-
-
-
BERNADOTTE
-
Gustav VI Adolph
(K. of Sweden 1950-1973)
1930-1973
-
Charles XVI Gustav
(K. of Sweden)
1973-
It is a common fantasy that the true heir to a throne is some obscure personage living in relatively modest circumstances. In point of fact, though, perusal of most of the lists on this page will
show that higher nobility and royals (putative or actual) tend to intermarry amongst themselves, leading to condensing of lines into well-known paths (often enough, seemingly, ending in
Otto von Habsburg). Nevertheless, every now and then a traceable line running through middle or lesser nobility can be found. Below is one such; a possible succession from a Mediaeval
Swedish dynasty which falls into no famous European dynsties at all. Yet note, descendents of the Sverkings run all through subsequent Swedish history - among them (though not senior representatives
of the elder line) were the regents Sten Sture the Elder, Sten Sture the Younger, and Gustavus Vasa, later King as Gustav I.
-
SVERKER
-
John I
1216-1222
-
-
-
Helena of Sweden
(fem.)
1222-1240's
-
SUNESSON
-
Catherine of Ymseborg
(fem.)
1240's-1252
-
-
-
Benedikte of Ymseborg
(fem.)
1252-c. 1265
-
KNUTSSON
-
Knut II of Viby
c. 1265-c. 1304
-
Ingeborg of Viby
(fem.)
-
ASPENÄS
-
Knut III Jonsson
c. 1341-c. 1346
-
-
-
Birger Knutsson
c. 1346-c. 1351
-
Magnus II Knutsson
c. 1351-c. 1365
-
Karin
(fem.)
c. 1365-c. 1394
-
FINVIDSSON
-
Märta
(fem.)
c. 1394-c. 1405
-
OXENSTIERNA
-
Nils
(Lord of Ängsö, Frössvik, and Djursholm)
c. 1405-c. 1453
-
Regent of Sweden 1448
-
Erik XI Nilsson
c. 1453-c. 1470
-
Kerstin
(fem.)
c. 1470- ?
-
HJULSTA
-
Knut IV Nilsson
? -c. 1487
-
Fader Nilsson
c. 1487-c. 1518
-
Görvel
(fem.)
c. 1518-1605
-
GYLLENHORN
-
Josse
1605-1631
-
Anna
(fem.)
1631-1668
-
Sigrid
(fem.)(Baroness Gyllenstierna)
1668-1700
-
FLEMING
-
Johan Casimir
(Baron Fleming)
1700-1714
-
Axel Johan
(Baron Fleming)
1714-1752
-
Sigrid
(fem.)(Baroness Fleming)
1752-1782
-
Fredrik
(Baron Fleming)
1782-1800
-
Gustaf Adolf
(Baron Fleming)
1800-1848
-
Sigrid III
(fem.)(Css. Trolle-Wachtmeister)
1848-1861
-
WREDE
-
Louis
(Count Wrede)
1861-1901
-
BARNEKOW
-
Christian
(Baron Barnekow)
1901-1916
-
Folke
(Baron Barnekow)
1916-1935
-
Henrik
(Baron Barnekow)
1935-1992
-
Johan
(Baron Barnekow)
1992-1997
-
Carl-Johan
(Baron Barnekow)
1997-
Although the modern Tunisian Kingdom barely got underway after independence from the French in 1957 before being dissolved by republican forces, Tunisia nevertheless has a very long tradition of
monarchic rule. Here are the successors to Tunisian royalist claims.
-
Earlier Tunisia
-
To France
1881-1956
-
-
HUSAINID
-
Muhammad VIII al-Amin
1943-1957 d. 1962
-
Husain en-Nasr
1962- ?
-
Mustapha
fl. latter 20th cent.
-
Muhammad IX at-Taïeb
fl. latter 20th cent.
-
Suleyman
? -1992
-
Allala
1992-
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a compact state in north-central Italy, extending from the Appenines west across the Arno watershed and south over the Metallifere Hills, down to the coast facing Corsica.
It encompassed Pistoia, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo and, above all, Florence. Considered by some as the birthplace of the Renaissance, it's best-known family, the De'Medici, ruled the Florentine Republic
nearly continuously from 1421, became Dukes of Florence in 1531, and Grand Dukes of Tuscany in 1569. The De'Medici became extinct in 1737, and the state was granted to the Lotharingian dynasty of
Vaudemont who had at the same time inherited the vast Austrian Habsburg legacy. Treated gently as an allodial possession, after the Napoleonic interruptions Tuscany was granted to a cadet branch of the
Lorraine-Habsburgs, but was absorbed by the newly formed Italian state in 1860. The very last Holy Roman Emperor, Franz II, was born in Florence, and grew up in this sunny and pleasant land.
-
Earlier Tuscany
-
LORRAINE-HABSBURG (Vaudemont)
-
Leopold
1824-1859 d. 1870
-
Ferdinand IV
(G. Duke 1859-60)
1870-1908
-
Leopold Ferdinand "Wölfling"
1908-1935
-
Joseph Ferdinand
1935-1942
-
Peter Ferdinand
1942-1948
-
Gottfried
1948-1984
-
Leopold Franz
1984-
TWO SICILIES (THE KINGDOM OF)
An important Mediterranean state comprising the island of Sicily and the southern third of the Italian Peninsula. Emerging out of a welter of Norman lordships established both on the mainland and
the island during the latter 11th century, the Kingdom of Sicily was founded in 1130. The Kingdom of Naples was established in 1285, and thereafter the two were sometimes united and sometimes separated.
In personal union from 1718, following the Napoleonic interruptions the two were reunited and, in 1816, were constituted a single state, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Although the king was twice
offered the south in a division of Italy into southern and northern states during the Risorgimento, he refused, and both Sicily and the Naples fell to forces
loyal to the new Italian state.
-
Earlier Naples Sicily
-
CAPET-BOURBON-SPAIN
-
Francesco II
1859-1861 d. 1894
-
Alfonso
1894-1934
-
Ferdinando III
1934-1960
-
-
-
Alfonsine succession
-
Alfonso II, Duca di Calabria
1960-1964
-
Carlo
1964-
-
Rainierine succession
-
Rainiero, Duca di Castro
1960-1973
-
Ferdinando IV
1973-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
January 6th, 2021 Insurrection
Because of the global COVID-19 pandemic which increased the number of mail in / out of office ballots and election law changes that prevented counting of ballots until the polls closed on election
night, November 3rd, 2020, the results of the 2020 presidential election were significantly delayed. It was not until November 8th that the various news organizations called the election for Joe Biden.
Between November 3rd and January 6, 2021 when the electoral college votes were certified, President Donald J. Trump and his allies maintained a baseless and fact less campaign that the election had
been stolen. Trump maintained that he would begin his second term on January 20th, 2021 and never conceded the election.
-
President of the United States of America
-
-
-
Donald John Trump
(45th President of the United States of America)
November 8, 2020 - January 20, 2021
-
-
UNITED STATES of AMERICA, The EMPIRE of the
No archive dealing with this sort of subject matter can resist at least a comment on the Empire of Joshua Norton. I resisted for a long while, but have been persuaded that there is relevance here.
The Regnal Chronologies archive concerns itself with questions of sovereignty, and Norton's experience is directly apropos such an issue. He was a South African subject who emigrated to the western
United States in the first half of the 19th century. He settled in California, but lost his considerable investments and became a penniless beggar on the streets of San Francisco. After this experience,
he became increasingly eccentric, and in 1859 grandly issued a document proclaiming himself to be Emperor of the United States. He is presumed by many to have been driven to a delusional state of mind
by his vicissitudes, but there is some question regarding that; others aver that he simply assumed his title and thereafter behaved "to the manner born" as a deliberate lifestyle. The truth of the
matter is largely irrelevant, because his reign was gleefully accepted by San Franciscans - his edicts were published and commented upon in the papers, his privately printed Imperial scrip was accepted
as legal tender by merchants, and he became a familiar figure to all. Only once did any official attempt to place him under custody as an insane vagrant, the attempt was roundly condemned by all and
Norton was swiftly released - he magnanimously issued patents of nobility to those officials responsible for rescuing him. When he died, his funeral cortege is said to have extended two miles. The point
here is that humans maintain leaders because we permit such individuals to assume their positions. Sovereignty is a psychological condition in which both rulers and ruled assume particular roles,
and I would assert that Norton's "rule" included many of those symbols and behaviours. I realize that it is a special case, inhabiting a gray area - Norton's subjects didn't cease paying taxes to the
Federal government, or refused to serve in the military during the Civil War. But his story still makes the point that if you call yourself a King, and those around you don't disagree, you are in some
sense or other a sovereign.
-
(Joshua) Norton I
1859-1881
An ancient monarchy in Southeast Asia, Vietnam (or, more properly, Dai-Viet or Annam) has had a long and exceedingly complex history, by times a regional superpower and at other times a client province
of one or another of it's neighbours. The modern state emerged in the 1780's out of a welter of local kingdoms present during a time of disunity extending c. 1533-1787.
-
Earlier Vietnam
-
NGUYEN
-
Bao Dai
1925-1940, 1945-1953/5 d. 1997
-
Bao Long
1997-
A German Duchy which was raised to the status of Kingdom in 1805. It is located in southwestern Germany, east of Baden and west of Bavaria. The line recognized below is by no means the most senior
of the family, but all elder branches are now foreign nationals or the products of morganatic marriages requiring surrender of succession rights.
-
WÜRTTEMBERG
-
Wilhelm II
1891-1918 d. 1921
-
Albrecht
1921-1939
-
Philipp
1939-1975
-
Karl II
1975-
The mountains of Wales have nourished a large number of small states within the Mediaeval era, and never has the region been absolutely unified under a single ruler in that time. Still, Gwynedd,
in the north, has usually been the most powerful among them, and it was the last significant state to be annexed by England, in 1283. Here then, is the passing of the Gwynedd inheritence..
-
COEL
-
LLewelyn III, the Last
1246-1282
-
David II
1282-1283
-
Llewelyn IV
1283-1288
-
Owain IV
1288-1305 >
-
Thomas
1305 > - ?
-
Owain V
? -1378
-
-
MORTIMER
-
Edmund I
(3rd Earl of March, 1st Earl of Ulster)
1378-1382
-
Roger
(Earl of March and Ulster)
1382-1398
-
Edmund II
(Earl of March and Ulster)
1398-1425
-
-
PLANTAGENET-YORK
-
Richard
(Duke of York)
1425-1460
-
-
During the Second World War, Yugoslavia was dismembered and Petar retained only Serbia as a Kingdom - a settlement at the behest of Germany he never accepted or acknowledged from his place of exile
in London. His heirs maintain the claim to greater Yugoslavia, following the reconstruction of the state under Communist governance following the defeat of the Axis powers.
-
Earlier Yugoslavia
-
KARAGEORGEVIC
-
Petar II
1934-1945 d. 1970
-
Aleksandar II
1970-